Hospital-based surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia in South Bangalore, India

Nisarga, Ramalingowda; Premalatha, R.; Shivananda,; Ravikumar, K L; Shivappa, U.; Gopi, Anjana; Chikkadasarahalli, S. B.; Batuwanthudawe, Ranjith; Kilgore, Paul E.; Kim, Soon Ae; Balter, Ivana Haluskova; Jouve, Sylvie; Ye, J.; Moscariello, Michele

doi:10.1007/s13312-015-0607-0

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Several studies showed that S. pneumoniae was most common organism (30–50%) [Capoor et al 2006; Farooqui et al 2015; Rudan et al 2013; Mathew et al 2015; Tiewsoh et al 2009; Awasthi and Pande, 1997; Pandey et al 2000; Bahl et al 1995] followed by H. influenzae type b in 8.8% [Capoor et al 2006] and Staphylococcus aureus 7–23% [Capoor et al 2006; Tiewsoh et al 2009; Pandey et al 2000]. In Indian children, different serotypes of S. pneumoniae were isolated with serotypes 1 and 5 being most prevalent followed by 4, 6A and 6B, 7, 12, 14, 15, 19F, 23, and 45 [Nisarga et al 2015; Balaji et al 2015; John et al 1996; Kurien et al 1999; Kanungo and Rajalakshmi, 2001].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The current status of community-acquired pneumonia management and prevention in children under 5 years of age in India: a review

Yadav

Awasthi

2016

Therapeutic Advances in Infection

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India has the highest number of global deaths of children under 5 years of age. In the year 2015, it was reported that there were 5.9 million deaths of children under 5 years of age globally, of which 1.2 million (20%) occurred in India alone. Currently, India has an under 5 mortality rate of 48 per 1000 live births. Community-acquired pneumonia contributes to about one sixth of this mortality. Fast breathing is the key symptom of community-acquired pneumonia. The World Health Organization recently categorized community-acquired pneumonia in children under 5 years of age into two, pneumonia, and severe pneumonia. Fast breathing with or without chest in-drawing is categorized as pneumonia and fast breathing with any of danger signs as severe pneumonia. Because effective vaccines against two of the common organisms causing community-acquired pneumonia, namely Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b, are available, there should be urgent and phased introduction into the Indian Universal Immunization Programme. Several preventable risk factors of community-acquired pneumonia such as lack of exclusive breast feeding for first 6 months of life, inappropriate complimentary feeding, iron deficiency anemia, malnutrition, and indoor air pollution should be adequately addressed. The community should be aware about the signs and symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia and its danger signs so that delay in qualified care seeking can be avoided. To achieve the sustainable development goal of ⩽25 under five deaths per 1000 live births by 2030, a multipronged approach is the need of the hour.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The current status of community-acquired pneumonia management and prevention in children under 5 years of age in India: a review

Yadav

Awasthi

2016

Therapeutic Advances in Infection

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“…Thirty-seven strains were isolated from children 21 to 60 months old with serotypes 6B and 7F as the most dominant types. Other Indian studies 28,30,33 have also reported isolation of S. pneumoniae from young children 20 months old with serotype 6 as the most prevalent isolate. Serotypes 1 and 18 were identified as the most common isolates in children older than 20 months and younger than 60 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…25,26 The predominant serotypes detected in this study were type 1, followed by serotypes 6B and 14, which accounted for 35% of all invasive isolates. Studies from South India 27,28 have reported 14, 5, 1 and 6A, 14, 5 as the most common serotypes correspondingly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Invasive S. pneumoniae among Indian Children before the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Ganaie

Govindan

Nagraj

et al. 2016

J Pediatr Infect Dis

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This study was conducted to provide current information on serotype distribution and drug resistance patterns of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae among children. Sterile site samples from 1,504 children ?5 years, who were clinically and radiologically suspected of having invasive pneumococcal infection were evaluated. The leading serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) were 1, 6B, and 14. High-level penicillin resistance was observed in 11% of isolates belonging to serotypes 6B, 1, and 5. Multidrug resistance was observed in 24% of strains. Our results reveal that PCV-10 and PCV-13 vaccines can protect against 68% and 78% of IPD serotypes, respectively.

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“…However, their implementation has not yet begun, 22 possibly highlighting the disconnect between health research, policy, and government funding. India is 1 of 75 countries receiving Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunizations assistance for implementation of PCV into the national immunization schedule.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges of Empirical Antibiotic Therapy for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children

Rodrigues

2017

Current Therapeutic Research

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BackgroundCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, responsible for more than 14% of deaths in children younger than 5 years of age. Due to difficulties with pathogen identification and diagnostics of CAP in children, targeted antimicrobial therapy is not possible, hence the widespread use of empirical antibiotics, in particular penicillins, cephalosporin, and macrolides.ObjectivesThis review aimed to address medical, societal, and political issues associated with the widespread use of empirical antibiotics for CAP in the United Kingdom, India, and Nigeria.MethodsA literature review was performed identifying the challenges pertaining to the use of widespread empirical antibiotics for CAP in children. A qualitative analysis of included studies identified relevant themes. Empirical guidance was based on guidelines from the World Health Organization, British Thoracic Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America, used in both industrialized and resource-poor settings.ResultsIn the United Kingdom there was poor adherence to antibiotics guidelines. There was developing antibiotic resistance to penicillins and macrolides in both developing and industrialized regions. There were difficulties accessing the care and treatment when needed in Nigeria. Prevention strategies with vaccination against Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and measles are particularly important in these regions.ConclusionsEffective and timely treatment is required for CAP and empirical antibiotics are evidence-based and appropriate in most settings. However, better diagnostics and education to target treatment may help to prevent antibiotic resistance. Ensuring the secure financing of clean food and water, sanitation, and public health infrastructure are also required to reduce the burden of disease in children in developing countries.

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Hospital-based surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia in South Bangalore, India

Cited by 18 publications

References 9 publications

The current status of community-acquired pneumonia management and prevention in children under 5 years of age in India: a review

The current status of community-acquired pneumonia management and prevention in children under 5 years of age in India: a review

Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Invasive S. pneumoniae among Indian Children before the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Challenges of Empirical Antibiotic Therapy for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children

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