Hospital acquired pneumonia

Lim, Wei Shen; Macfarlane, John

doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.1-3-180

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The spectrum of pathogens involved in HAP, VAP and HCAP is certainly different from that of community-acquired pneumonia and is influenced by the presence of at least three main factors [14]: 1) severity of illness; 2) presence of risk for specific pathogens; and 3) time to onset of pneumonia.…”

Section: Aetiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

2006

J. Hosp. Med.

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Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is an infection of the lung parenchyma that occurs during the course of hospitalization. HAP is a significant source of morbidity, mortality, and increased resource expenditures. The attributable mortality for HAP is in the 30-50 percent range. The primary risk factor for the development of HAP is mechanical ventilation. The average length of stay for patients with HAP increases by an average of 13 days, with estimated additional costs of $40,000. Hospitalists manage patients with HAP either as an attending physician or as a consultant to patients admitted to other services. Hospitalists can initiate quality improvement strategies at the individual patient level and at the system level to improve patient outcomes and optimize resource utilization.

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Section: Aetiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

2006

J. Hosp. Med.

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“…Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of HAP that arises more than 48-72hours after endotracheal intubation. The spectrum of pathogens involved in HAP and VAP is certainly different from that of community acquired pneumonia and is influenced by the severity of illness, presence of risk for specific pathogens and time of onset of the pneumonia (2). The pathogens that are most frequently involved in HAP are aerobic Gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudo-monas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of bacteria isolates colonizing the throat of hospitalized patients at Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria and in vitro antimicrobial effects of Citrus aurantifolia and Alum on the isolates

Olajide¹,

Kolawole²,

Bada-Siyede³

et al. 2022

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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Background: Antibiotic resistance in microorganisms implicated in nosocomial respiratory infections is a major reason for prolonged hospital stay and increased cost of therapeutic treatment of hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP). This study was designed to isolate bacterial pathogens colonizing the throat of hospitalized patients at the Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, and to evaluate antibacterial effects of extracts of Citrus aurantifolia peel and Alum against these bacterial isolates. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study of 100 randomly recruited hospitalized patients at the Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Throat samples collected from consenting participants were cultured on selective agar media (MacConkey, Eosin-Methylene blue and Mannitol salt) for isolation of bacteria. Identification of isolates from culture plates was done by Gram reaction and conventional biochemical tests while confirmation of the isolates was done by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Antibiotic susceptibility test for each isolate to selected antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, nitrofuran, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) was done by the Kirby Buer disc diffusion method. Aqueous extract of Alum ([KAl(SO4).12H2O]) was done to produce concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% (w/v) at pH 3.6 and tested on the bacterial isolates using agar diffusion method. Citrus aurantifolia peel was extracted using methanol and hexane solvents to produce extract concentrations of 500mg/ml, 250mg/ml and 150mg/ml, and tested on the isolates by agar diffusion, and by the broth dilution method to obtain minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of C. aurantifolia. Results: A total of 14 bacterial isolates were recovered from throat samples of 100 hospitalized patients with Staphylococcus aureus (43%, n=6) being the most frequent while Escherichia coli (14.5%, n=2) was the least frequent. The isolates were generally resistant to penicillin, aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone groups of antibiotics tested. The zone of inhibition for hexane and methanol extracts of C. aurantifolia and aqueous extract of alum on the bacterial isolates ranged from 11.5-19.2mm, 9.8-15.8mm, and 9.3-21.2mm respectively while those of selected antibiotics ranged from 7.0-25.0mm. The MICs of hexane and methanol extracts of C. aurantifolia against S. aureus were 10mg/ml and 25mg/ml, while the MBCs were 50 and 100mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed the presence of resistant pathogenic bacteria colonizing the throat of hospitalized patients receiving care at the Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. The crude extracts of C. aurantifolia and Alum in this study showed inhibitory effects (albeit at higher concentrations) on the bacterial isolates comparable to the standard antibiotics. We posit that based on the inhibition capacity, further studies to characterize, purify and isolate the active anti-bacterial components in the extracts should be considered for novelty.

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Cefepime

Chapman¹,

Perry²

2003

Am J Respir Med

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Cefepime is an established and generally well tolerated parenteral drug with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity which, when administered twice daily, provides coverage of most of the pathogens that may be causative in pneumonia. In randomized clinical trials in hospitalized patients with generally moderate to severe community-acquired or nosocomial pneumonia, cefepime monotherapy exhibited good clinical and bacteriological efficacy. Cefepime may become a preferred antibacterial agent for infections caused by Enterobacter spp. With prudent use in order to prevent the emergence of resistant organisms, cefepime will continue to be a suitable option for the empiric treatment of pneumonia.

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Hospital acquired pneumonia

Cited by 5 publications

References 26 publications

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

Characterization of bacteria isolates colonizing the throat of hospitalized patients at Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria and in vitro antimicrobial effects of Citrus aurantifolia and Alum on the isolates

Cefepime

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