Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review

Mazzocchi, Alessandra; Giannì, Maria Lorella; Morniroli, Daniela; Leone, Ludovica; Roggero, Paola; Agostoni, Carlo; Cosmi, Valentina De; Mosca, Fabio

doi:10.3390/nu11081845

Cited by 47 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(55 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Neither leptin nor adiponectin displayed significant associations with infant growth outcomes in the long term, despite some studies suggesting that these compounds may also have a role in infant development and growth (28,59,60). Overall, the existing literature in this context is conflicting [see (37) for review] and disparities in the findings are, in part, likely due to different approaches as regards sample collection and storage, laboratory approaches used and statistical analysis of the data, as infant growth is influenced by a complex array of factors. While some of these, including basic characteristics, that can be identified and controlled for, other factors, including potential synergism/antagonism between our hormones of interest and other bioactive factors in HM (37), are difficult to control for.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, the existing literature in this context is conflicting [see (37) for review] and disparities in the findings are, in part, likely due to different approaches as regards sample collection and storage, laboratory approaches used and statistical analysis of the data, as infant growth is influenced by a complex array of factors. While some of these, including basic characteristics, that can be identified and controlled for, other factors, including potential synergism/antagonism between our hormones of interest and other bioactive factors in HM (37), are difficult to control for. The lack of associations in the present cohort between HM adipokine concentrations and infant BMI and weight does not preclude associations with infant body composition per se, as leptin in particular has been linked to eating behavior and fat mass (11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As variations in circulating adipokines (18), IGF-1 and cGP (19,20) have been linked to various health and disease outcomes and significant differences in HM hormone concentrations have been described across mother-infant dyads (21)(22)(23), research has focused on associations between hormone concentrations in HM and infant growth outcomes (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36). However, while some studies suggest that individual hormonal signatures in HM are associated with different infant growth trajectories, the findings of research in this area remains conflicting (37). Yet, the pattern of early postnatal growth beyond the first year of life is a known predictor of later metabolic health (38) and previous studies have shown that the composition of milk received by the infant plays an important role in determining growth trajectories (39).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Growth Factor Concentrations in Human Milk Are Associated With Infant Weight and BMI From Birth to 5 Years

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Human milk bioactives may play a role in infant health and development. Although the variability in their concentrations in milk is well-established, the impact of differential milk profiles on infant growth outcomes remains unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether different concentrations of metabolic hormones are associated with different weight and BMI in infants beyond the first year of life. Methods: Milk samples at 2.6 (±0.4) months after birth and anthropometric measures at 13 months, 2, 3, and 5 years were collected as part of the Finnish STEPS cohort study from 501 mothers and the respective 507 infants. Leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) in milk were analyzed. Multiple regression models and a repeated measures mixed model were used to examine associations between milk hormone concentrations and weight and BMI z-scores across time, at each time-point, and weight gain from birth to each follow-up visit. All models were corrected for birth weight, infant sex, duration of exclusive and total breastfeeding, time of introduction of solid foods and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. Results: Higher milk IGF-1 was associated with higher weight at 13 months (p = 0.004) but lower weight at 3 (p = 0.011) and 5 years of age (p = 0.049). Higher cGP was associated with lower weight across the 5 years (p = 0.019) but with higher BMI at 5 years (p = 0.021). Leptin and adiponectin did not display associations with infant growth at this time. Sex interactions were also absent. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the interplay between human milk-borne IGF-1 and cGP is similar to that reported in other mammals and may have an important role Galante et al. Breastmilk IGF-1 and Infant Growth in defining infant growth trajectories beyond the first year of life. Further research should explore the determinants and origins of these milk-borne compounds and evaluate their effect on infant growth and metabolism.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Growth Factor Concentrations in Human Milk Are Associated With Infant Weight and BMI From Birth to 5 Years

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In this study, we assessed the associations between iodine and growth-and obesity-related hormones in breast milk and T A B L E 1 Basic characteristics of mothers and infants, n = 94 Although it is difficult to investigate how breastfeeding influences and regulates both short-and possibly long-term growth, there are some studies indicating that breast milk composition might play an important role in determining infant growth (Lind, Larnkjaer, Molgaard, & Michaelsen, 2018). Of all the bioactive compounds identified in breast milk, AD and LP are the most common hormones studied with regard to growth (Fields et al, 2016;Mazzocchi et al, 2019). It has been shown that AD might have insulin-sensitizing effects, and LP might induce satiety in the infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is breast milk iodine concentration an influential factor in growth‐ and obesity‐related hormones and infants' growth parameters?

Nazeri

Tahmasebinejad

Hedayati

et al. 2020

Maternal & Child Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Iodine, a key constituent of thyroid hormones, plays an indirect role in prenatal and postnatal growth. This study aimed to investigate whether breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) is associated with growth‐ and obesity‐related hormones and subsequently the infants' anthropometric measures. In present study conducted in Tehran (Iran), 94 lactating mothers and healthy infants who were exclusively breastfed were included. Concentrations of iodine, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), adiponectin (AD) and leptin (LP) were measured in breast milk samples collected during 3‐ to 5‐day postpartum. Anthropometric measures of infants were assessed at 6 months of life, and age‐ and sex‐specific z ‐score values were calculated using the World Health Organization growth standards. The median (interquartile range) iodine, IGF‐1, AD and LP concentrations were 232.5 (157.5–296.0) μg L −1 , 15.7 (11.9–21.1) ng ml −1 , 13.2 (5.1–29.8) mg L −1 and 1.16 (0.86–1.70) ng ml −1 in breast milk, respectively. No significant correlations were found between BMIC and IGF‐1, AD and LP concentrations during the first few days postpartum. In adjusted regression model, BMIC was positively associated with weight‐for‐length z score of infants. In the presence of IGF‐1, AD or LP, the coefficients of BMIC for weight‐for‐length z score of infants were β = .003 ( P = .021), β = .002 ( P = .028) or β = .003 ( P = .013), respectively. No other anthropometric measurements were associated with iodine or growth‐ and obesity‐related hormones in breast milk. Our findings indicate that BMIC is a potential contributor to infants' growth status, independent of IGF‐1, AD or LP concentrations in breast milk. The underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

show abstract

“…In view of the crucial role of neuronic acid in white matter development, its content in human milk through the first month of lactation has been quantified and compared with that of formula milk from three fat sources [19]. Human milk's hormonal content, which seems to be involved in infants' metabolic pathways, including appetite and energy balance, has been also examined in light of the reduced risk of developing overweight and metabolic syndrome in human milk-fed infants [20,21].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%