Hormones and growth factors in milk

Grosvenor, Clark E.

doi:10.1210/er.14.6.710

Cited by 40 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…As discussed above, during nursing pups are exposed to several cues from the mother, among which milk is perhaps one of the most important. Although there are no reports of milk composition in rabbits, in the rat, maternal milk contains, besides nutrients, hormones, steroids, antibodies, enzymes, and growth factors, among many other biologically active compounds (Withworth & Grosvenor, 1978;Grosvenor et al, 1993;Rowe & Kennaway, 2002). In contrast to rats, rabbit pups remain alone in the nest for most of the time, and the lack of one or more factors in the milk (or from the mother, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial feeding synchronizes behavioral, hormonal, metabolic and neural parameters in mother‐deprived neonatal rabbit pups

Morgado

Juárez

Melo

et al. 2011

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Nursing in the rabbit is under circadian control, and pups have a daily anticipatory behavioral arousal synchronized to this unique event, but it is not known which signal is the main entraining cue. In the present study we hypothesized that food is the main entraining signal. Using mother-deprived pups we tested the effects of artificial feeding on the synchronization of locomotor behavior, plasma glucose, corticosterone, FOS and PER1 protein rhythms in suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, paraventricular and tuberomammillary nuclei. At postnatal day 1 an intragastric tube was placed by gastrostomy. The next day and for the rest of the experiment pups were fed with a milk formula through the cannula at either 02:00 or 10:00 h (feeding time = zeitgeber time (ZT) 0). At postnatal days 5–7 pups exhibited behavioral arousal with a significant increase in locomotor behavior 60 min before feeding. Glucose levels increased after feeding, peaking at ZT4–ZT12 and then declining. Corticosterone was highest around the time of feeding then decreased to trough concentrations at ZT12–ZT16, increasing again in anticipation of next feeding bout. In the brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus had a rhythm of FOS and PER1 that was not significantly affected by the feeding schedule. Conversely, the supraoptic, paraventricular and tuberomammillary nuclei had rhythms of both FOS and PER1 induced by the time of scheduled feeding. We conclude that the nursing rabbit pup is a natural model of food entrainment, since food, in this case milk formula, is a strong synchronizing signal for behavioral, hormonal, metabolic and neural parameters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial feeding synchronizes behavioral, hormonal, metabolic and neural parameters in mother‐deprived neonatal rabbit pups

Morgado

Juárez

Melo

et al. 2011

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…Several earlier studies have shown that human milk contains a variety of hormones and growth factors [15,16,17,18,19,20,21, 24, 26, 27]. In particular, insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) were found in physiological concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Term milk samples (TMS) were collected by manual pressure of the breast, preterm milk samples (PTMS) by using an electrical pump. To standardize the collection, milk samples were taken between 11.00 and 13.00 h, and between 16.00and 20.00 h. To eliminate fat and cell debris, the milk was centrifuged at 2,500 g for 10 min [15]. The milk serum was immediately frozen and stored at –80°C until analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Binding Proteins in Early Milk from Mothers of Preterm and Term Infants

et al. 2007

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Breast-fed preterm infants often show a better outcome, partly ascribed to the benefit of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBP). We compared IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 levels, measured by radioimmunoassays in milk samples from 30 mothers of preterm (<31 weeks) and from 19 mothers of term (>37 weeks) infants at days 7 and 21 postpartum. Proteolysis of IGFBP-2 within mother’s milk and digestion of ¹²⁵I-IGF-II and ¹²⁵I-IGFBP-2 by gastric juice from neonates were assessed by electrophoretic techniques. Mean concentrations did not differ between preterm and term milk: IGF-I (2.8 ± 0.2 vs. 2.3 ± 0.1 ng/ml), IGF-II (12.0 ± 0.4 vs. 12.2 ± 0.5 ng/ml), IGFBP-3 (100.0 ± 5.1 vs. 80.0 ± 5.8 ng/ml), but did so for IGFBP-2 (3,144 ± 172 vs. 2,428 ± 188 ng/ml, p < 0.02). Immunoblots revealed 42% (p < 0.05) more IGFBP-2 fragments of 14 and 25 kDa in preterm milk. Incubation with gastric juice caused cleavage of ¹²⁵I-IGFBP-2 and partial cleavage of ¹²⁵I-IGF-II. Mutual complexation protected IGF-II and IGFBP-2 from cleavage, suggesting that both are likely to arrive in the bowel in an intact form to exert promotive effects. The results provide further evidence that IGFBP-2 and IGF-II in breast milk are relevant factors for the early development of preterm infants.

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“…Besides providing nutrients essential to suckling infants, milk contains a large number of bioactive substances, likely to be involved in development (for review, see Grosvenor et al 1993). Early milk, that is, in the early stages of lactation (also known as colostrum) differs substantially from mature milk in contents, including immunoglobulins and other active biological molecules such as growth factors (McGhee et al 1975;Read et al 1984;Baumrucker et al 1993;Purup et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early milk availability modulates the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the cerebral cortex of rats

Aizawa

Nakamura

Yamaguchi

et al. 2011

Animal Science Journal

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of milk in the early stage of lactation on the maturation of cholinergic neurons in the cerebral cortex of rats. Pups were removed from their mothers immediately following parturition and placed with foster dams at days 5-7 of lactation. At days 18 and 56 after birth, the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), an enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis, in different areas of the cerebral cortex was examined by high-performance liquid chromatography electrochemical detection. In the frontal and hindlimb/parietal regions of the cerebral cortex, the lack of early milk significantly decreased ChAT activity at days 18 and 56. There was no effect on gains in the body or brain weight of infants. ChAT activity in the occipital area tended to be lower in the early milk-deprived rats. The intake of early milk potentially contributes not only to nutrients for the growth of newborn infants, but also to the functional maturation of the cholinergic neurotransmission system in a region-specific manner.

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Hormones and growth factors in milk

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Artificial feeding synchronizes behavioral, hormonal, metabolic and neural parameters in mother‐deprived neonatal rabbit pups

Artificial feeding synchronizes behavioral, hormonal, metabolic and neural parameters in mother‐deprived neonatal rabbit pups

Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Binding Proteins in Early Milk from Mothers of Preterm and Term Infants

Early milk availability modulates the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the cerebral cortex of rats

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