Hormone Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Cultivated and Wild Tomato Seedlings under Low-Temperature Stress

Abstract

Low temperature is a major limiting factor for the growth and reproduction of some plant species, such as tomato. So far, few studies have been conducted on the effects of low temperature, and the mechanisms of plants’ response to this type of stress is not fully clear. In the current study, the effects of low, nonfreezing temperature (10 °C for three days) on the hormone content, antioxidant activity, and expression patterns of cold-related genes in the leaves of cold-tolerant species (Solanum habrochaites Accession ‘LA1777′) and cold-susceptible species (Solanum lycopersicum cultivar ‘Moneymaker’) were investigated. Low temperature increased the abscisic acid (ABA) content in both tomato species, while the content of zeatin-type cytokinins (ZT) increased in the cold-tolerant species. However, the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA) reduced in response to low temperature in susceptible species. Accordingly, cytokinin (CK) is identified as an important hormone associated with low-temperature stress in tomato. In addition, our results indicate that the C-repeat/DRE binding factor 1 (CBF1) gene is less induced in response to low temperature in tomato, although transcription of the inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) gene was upregulated under low temperature in both tomato species. It seems that ICE1 may modulate cold-regulated (COR) genes in a CBF-independent way. In addition, in response to low temperature, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and membrane stability index (MSI) increased in the susceptible species, indicating that low temperature induces oxidative stress. Additionally, we found that glutathione peroxidase is highly involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging induced by low temperature, and antioxidants are more induced in tolerant species. Overall, our results suggest that sub-optimal temperatures promote oxidative stress in tomato and CK is introduced as a factor related to the response to low temperature that requires deeper attention in future breeding programs of tomato.

Boron supply restores aluminum‐blocked auxin transport by the modulation of PIN2 trafficking in the root apical transition zone

“…This was also found for other abiotic stresses, such as metal toxicity (C.L. Li et al, 2021; Yuan et al, 2013; Yuan & Huang, 2016; Zhao et al, 2017), drought (Chu et al, 2010), salt stress (Chen et al, 2012; Korver et al, 2018) and cold damage (Heidari et al, 2021; Shibasaki et al, 2009). For example, the Mn‐ and Cd‐stress‐induced reduction of IAA content in root apices leads to inhibited root growth (Yuan & Huang, 2016; Zhao et al, 2017), whereas Cu and Al toxicity increases auxin concentrations, which likewise inhibits root growth (C.L.…”

Transcriptomic Analysis of Cadmium Stressed Tamarix hispida Revealed Novel Transcripts and the Importance of Abscisic Acid Network

“…Hormones content, antioxidant activities, and downstream signals are induced in response to environmental stresses to control cell stability and mitigate the negative effects of ROS ( Abdullah et al, 2021 ; Heidari et al, 2021 ). These results indicated that the key regulatory components of the biosynthetic pathways in ABA and ethylene changed significantly during the T. hispida response to Cd stress.…”

Wandering between hot and cold: temperature dose-dependent responses

“…When plants are subjected to cold or heat (both ends of the temperature spectrum), the endogenous bioactive GA levels are much lower than at optimal temperatures (Figure 1C) [34,37,[44][45][46][47]. This leads to a shorter stem/hypocotyl of pea/soybean seedlings or reduced plant height of ryegrass at moderately low temperature or heat [34,[44][45][46] and plant growth cessation at chilling temperatures [37,48,49].…”

“…Different to the apparent monophasic patterns of jasmonates and gibberellins, the levels of auxin and brassinosteroids (BR) do not strictly follow the monophasic pattern across the temperature range [51][52][53]. Moderately low temperature causes a reduction of endogenous auxin levels and plant growth limitation [47,54], e.g. a shorter hypocotyl or primary root in soybean [44] and Arabidopsis [55], respectively.…”