Hormonal therapy in breast cancer: A model disease for the personalization of cancer care

Puhalla, Shannon; Bhattacharya, Saveri; Davidson, Nancy E.

doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2012.02.003

Cited by 76 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…SERDs are pure ER antagonist, blocks ERs activity and accelerate their degradation, thus exhibiting exclusively anti-estrogen effects [36] . Fulvestrant, the only SERD approved by FDA to treat patients with BC, has 100-fold the affinity of TAM for ER, in lack of adverse effect on endometrial ERs [37,38] . It is useful especially in patients with advancer BC and as second-line therapy in TAM-resistant tumors [36] .…”

Section: Down-regulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current medical treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

Lumachi

Santeufemia

Basso

2015

WJBC

163

126

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Approximately 80% of breast cancers (BC) are estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and thus endocrine therapy (ET) should be considered complementary to surgery in the majority of patients. The advantages of oophorectomy, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy in women with advanced BC have been demonstrated many years ago, and currently ET consist of (1) ovarian function suppression (OFS), usually obtained using gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonists (GnRHa); (2) selective estrogen receptor modulators or down-regulators (SERMs or SERDs); and (3) aromatase inhibitors (AIs), or a combination of two or more drugs. For patients aged less than 50 years and ER+ BC, there is no conclusive evidence that the combination of OFS and SERMs (i.e. , tamoxifen) or chemotherapy is superior to OFS alone. Tamoxifen users exhibit a reduced risk of BC, both invasive and in situ , especially during the first 5 years of therapy, and extending the treatment to 10 years further reduced the risk of recurrences. SERDs (i.e. , fulvestrant) are especially useful in the neoadjuvant treatment of advanced BC, alone or in combination with either cytotoxic agents or AIs. There are two types of AIs: type Ⅰ are permanent steroidal inhibitors of aromatase, while type Ⅱ are reversible nonsteroidal inhibitors. Several studies demonstrated the superiority of the third-generation AIs (i.e. , anastrozole and letrozole) compared with tamoxifen, and adjuvant therapy with AIs reduces the recurrence risk especially in patients with advanced BC. Unfortunately, some cancers are or became ET-resistant, and thus other drugs have been suggested in combination with SERMs or AIs, including cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (palbociclib) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, such as everolimus. Further studies are required to confirm their real usefulness.

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Section: Down-regulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current medical treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

Lumachi

Santeufemia

Basso

2015

WJBC

163

126

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“…Determination of the status of hormone receptors, both the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), in patients with breast cancer is an important and well-accepted companion diagnostic for endocrine therapy, as tumor expression of ER (or PR or both) is necessary for endocrine responsiveness. 49,50 Most of the newly diagnosed breast cancers are ER positive. 51 Currently, the most commonly used method to assess hormonal receptor status, including the ER, is assay of biopsy material using IHC.…”

Section: Example 1: Molecular Imaging Companion Diagnostics Of Endocrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Companion Diagnostics

Mankoff

Edmonds

Farwell

et al. 2016

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine

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The goal of individualized and targeted treatment and precision medicine requires the assessment of potential therapeutic targets to direct treatment selection. The biomarkers used to direct precision medicine, often termed companion diagnostics, for highly targeted drugs have thus far been almost entirely based on in vitro assay of biopsy material. Molecular imaging companion diagnostics offer a number of features complementary to those from in vitro assay, including the ability to measure the heterogeneity of each patient’s cancer across the entire disease burden and to measure early changes in response to treatment. We discuss the use of molecular imaging methods as companion diagnostics for cancer therapy with the goal of predicting response to targeted therapy and measuring early (pharmacodynamic) response as an indication of whether the treatment has “hit” the target. We also discuss considerations for probe development for molecular imaging companion diagnostics, including both small-molecule probes and larger molecules such as labeled antibodies and related constructs. We then describe two examples where both predictive and pharmacodynamic molecular imaging markers have been tested in humans: endocrine therapy for breast cancer and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2–targeted therapy. The review closes with a summary of the items needed to move molecular imaging companion diagnostics from early studies into multicenter trials and into the clinic.

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“…ER expression is the main indicator of potential responses to hormonal therapy, and approximately 70–75% of human breast cancer is hormone-dependent and ER and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positive [16–19]. The ER-positive tumors express ER, ER-responsive genes, and other genes that encode characteristic proteins of luminal epithelial cells and, therefore, are termed “luminal group” [16].…”

Section: Er-positive Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of dietary bioactive natural products in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

Bak

Gupta

Wahler

et al. 2016

Seminars in Cancer Biology

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Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, including luminal-A and -B, is the most common type of breast cancer. Extended exposure to estrogen is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Both ER-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms have been implicated in estrogen-mediated carcinogenesis. The ER-dependent pathway involves cell growth and proliferation triggered by the binding of estrogen to the ER. The ER-independent mechanisms depend on the metabolism of estrogen to generate genotoxic metabolites, free radicals and reactive oxygen species to induce breast cancer. A better understanding of the mechanisms that drive ER-positive breast cancer will help optimize targeted approaches to prevent or treat breast cancer. A growing emphasis is being placed on alternative medicine and dietary approaches toward the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Many natural products and bioactive compounds found in foods have been shown to inhibit breast carcinogenesis via inhibition of estrogen induced oxidative stress as well as ER signaling. This review summarizes the role of bioactive natural products that are involved in the prevention and treatment of estrogen-related and ER-positive breast cancer.

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Hormonal therapy in breast cancer: A model disease for the personalization of cancer care

Cited by 76 publications

References 105 publications

Current medical treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

Current medical treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

Development of Companion Diagnostics

Role of dietary bioactive natural products in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

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