Hormonal Regulation of Ovalbumin Synthesis in Chick Oviduct

The Action of Growth and Developmental Hormones

“…With growth and development, it is more difficult to interpret the early responses to the hormone in the context of the obvious alterations in cellular protein synthesis. The highly pleiotropic nature of these responses complicates, for example, determination of the relationship of the estrogen or thyroid hormone receptors to the sites at which they regulate gene transcription (O'Malley and Means, 1974;Schimke et at., 1975;Oppenheimer et at., 1976;O'Malley et at., 1977a,b,c;Spelsberg et at., 1977;O'Malley and Birnbaumer, 1978;Oppenheimer, 1979;Smith, 1979, 1980a).…”

“…Among the steroids, the female sex hormones estradiol and progesterone have very distinct and specific physiological functions, yet there exist some apparent overlaps in both their target cell responses and their receptor interactions (King and Mainwaring, 1974;O'Malley and Means, 1974;Schimke et at., 1975;Palmiter et at., 1976;Schulster et at., 1976;O'Malley et at., 1977c;O'Malley and Birnbaumer, 1978;Clark and Peck, 1979). For example, the synthesis of ovalbumin and conalbumin in the same chick oviductal cells is regulated by both estradiol and progesterone, but in quite different manners (Palmiter et at., 1976).…”

“…Although it is now apparent that transcriptional regulation is the primary mechanism for the action of most growth and developmental hormones (Tata, 1970(Tata, , 1974(Tata, , 1976aBaulieu, 1972;Williams-Ashman and Reddi, 1972;Norman and Henry, 1974;O'Malley and Means, 1974;Schimke et at., 1975;Baxter, 1976;Gorski and Gannon, 1976;Oppenheimer et at., 1976;Schulster et at., 1976;O'Malley et at., 1977a,b,c;Mainwaring, 1977;Higgins and Gehring, 1978;Green, 1980;Tata, 1980a;Richards, 1981), evidence has been presented suggesting that additional mechanisms may also be acting. For example, a substantial part of the anabolic action of insulin may reside at the translational level, mediated via phosphorylation of a few ribosomal proteins (Wool, 1975).…”

“…Though smaller in magnitude than the effect on rRNA synthesis, this response could be detected at earlier times after hormone administration (O'Malley et aI., 1969;Tata, 1970Tata, , 1980a. Induction of mRNA synthesis for egg and milk proteins, prolactin, GH, and £X2uglobulin are among the earliest responses of target cell nuclei to estrogen, prolactin, and thyroid hormone, respectively (Rhoads et at., 1973;Cox et at., 1974;Rosen et at., 1974;Palmiter, 1975;Schimke et at., 1975;Schutz et at., 1975;Sippel et at., 1975;Berridge et at., 1976;Tata, 1976cTata, , 1978Deeley et aI., 1977;O'Malley et aI., 1977c;Baker and Shapiro, 1978;Parker, 1978;Ryffel, 1978;Tata and Smith, 1979;Kurtz, 1981;Searle and Tata, 1981;Maurer, 1982;Roy et at., 1982;Wolffe and Tata, 1983). Indeed, the lag period between hormone administration and the induction de novo, or an accelerated rate of synthesis, of specific mRNA sequences has in some cases been shown to be of the order of minutes Maurer, responses in nuclei of a target cell induced by a hormone to synthesize one or few specific proteins de novo.…”

CRISPR/CAS-mediated deletion of the upstream regulatory sequences enhances the estrogen-independent expression of chicken ovalbumin

“…The regulatory sequences of the ovalbumin promoter, which has been extensively used in the chicken production systems are well-characterized (Dougherty, Park, & Sanders, 2009;Dougherty & Sanders, 2005;Haecker, Muramatsu, Sensenbaugh, & Sanders, 1995;Kato et al, 1992;Kaye, Bellard, Dretzen, Bellard, & Chambon, 1984;Kaye et al, 1986;Monroe & Sanders, 2000;H. M. Park, Haecker, Hagen, & Sanders, 2000;Sanders & McKnight, 1988;Schimke, McKnight, Shapiro, Sullivan, & Palacios, 1975;Schweers, Frank, Weigel, & Sanders, 1990;Sensenbaugh & Sanders, 1999;Wang et al, 1989). Although, there are many reports on the cis-acting regulatory sequences responsible for ovalbumin gene expression, other factors including transacting regulatory elements, nucleosomal rearrangements, histone modifications, the chromosomal structure of the gene locus, and the three-dimensional (3D) nuclear organization may play critical roles for its proper expression in oviduct cells (Bellard, Dretzen, Bellard, Oudet, & Chambon, 1982).…”