Hormonal, Physiological, and Physical Performance During Simulated Kickboxing Combat: Differences Between Winners and Losers

Ouergui, Ibrahim; Davis, Paul; Houcine, Nizar; Marzouki, Hamza; Zaouali, Monia; Franchini, Émerson; Gmada, Nabil; Bouhlel, Ezdine

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0052

Cited by 43 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…These variables have been reported for both upper and lower-body actions in kickboxers [8, 12, 13, 20–22]. The available studies showed that mean power output values for upper and lower body of male amateur kickboxers were about 3.2 ± 0.7 W ∙ kg -1 and 6.7 ± 1 W ∙ kg -1 , respectively [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Kickboxing review: anthropometric, psychophysiological and activity profiles and injury epidemiology

Slimani¹,

Chaabène

Miarka

et al. 2017

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Kickboxing is one of the modern combat sports. The psychophysiological demands of a kickboxing competition require athletes to achieve high thresholds of several aspects of physical fitness. The aim of the current review is to critically analyse and appraise the kickboxer’s anthropometric, physiological, physical and psychological attributes with the activity profile and injury epidemiology in order to provide practical recommendations for training as well as new areas of scientific research. The available information shows that both amateur and elite-level male kickboxers are characterized by a higher proportion of mesomorphy with a well-developed muscle mass and low body fat percentage. While there is some variation in the maximum oxygen uptake of kickboxers, moderate to high cardio-respiratory levels are reported for these athletes. Regardless of kickboxers’ level, a high peak and mean anaerobic power output were reported. High-level kickboxing performance also requires well-developed muscle power in both the upper and lower limbs. Psychological factors contribute to success that requires high levels of self-confidence, motivation, dispositional hope and optimism, mental toughness/resiliency, and adaptive perfectionism. Psychological attributes also distinguished successful from less successful kickboxers. The activity-to-rest ratio was higher in elite (1:1) than both amateur and national-level (from 1:2 to 1:5) kickboxers, with no significant differences between rounds (round 1=1:4, and rounds 2 and 3=1:5) as well as between winners and losers in amateur and national-level simulated combats. These particular psychophysiological characteristics and performance aspects of kickboxers influence performance and could serve as guidance for training. Finally, kickboxing is characterized by chronic repetitive head trauma, which causes hypopituitarism due to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Future investigations into the physical, physiological and psychological characteristics related to age, gender and competitive levels of kickboxers are required to enrich the current knowledge and to help create the most suitable training programme.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Kickboxing review: anthropometric, psychophysiological and activity profiles and injury epidemiology

Slimani¹,

Chaabène

Miarka

et al. 2017

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“…Ist nie ją sprzeczne do nie sie nia od no śnie do związ ku po mię dzy hor monal nym sta tu sem a za le żnym od dys cy pli ny wy ni kiem spor to wym, na wet w cza sie za wo dów o po dob nej struktu rze za da nia. Dla przy kła du, w kick -bo xingu hor monal ny sta tus nie ró żni cu je zwy cię ża ją cych i prze grywa ją cych spor tow ców [2], pod czas gdy wśród in nych spor tów walk [3,4] i ma ra toń czy ków [5] po ziom C i T był wy ższy u zwy cięz ców. Nie któ re ba da nia sku pia ją się na za le żnych od płci ró żni cach w re ak cjach hormo nal nych na za wo dy.…”

Section: Wstępunclassified

“…There are conflicting reports about the connection between hormonal status and sport-related outcomes, even during competitions of similar task structures. For example, in kick-boxing hormonal status did not differentiate winners and losers [2], while in the other combat sports [3,4] and marathon runners [5], winning athletes did display higher plasma C and T. Some studies focused on gender differences in the hormonal responses to a competition. Contradictory results were reported depending the sporting discipline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Responses to Four Events of the Modern Pentathlon in Male and Female Athletes

Obmiński¹,

Ładyga²,

Anioł-Strzyżewska³

et al. 2016

Polish J Sport Med

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“…In addition, the testosterone/cortisol ( T/C ) ratio has been considered as an accurate indicator of overtraining in athletes [ 22 ]. Accordingly, several studies have reported that striking combat sports competition is a very high intensity and stressful activity that results in increased C levels [ 5 , 16 , 24 ]. In contrast, the same consensus does not apply to karate kata and kumite due to significant increases in glucose, T and catecholamines levels, without significant changes in insulin and C concentrations [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal responses to striking combat sports competition: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Slimani

Paravlić

Chaabène

et al. 2018

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Striking combat sports are challenging, commonly stressing the endocrinological system based on a mixture of body-contact actions and physiological efforts. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to discuss the hormonal responses related to striking combat sports competitions and to investigate the moderator and mediator variables of the hormonal response-competition/outcome relationship. Three electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect) were systematically searched (up to February 2016) followed by a manual search of retrieved papers. The data showed a moderate increase in cortisol (C) (ES = 0.79; 95% CI 0.31–1.28; p = 0.001), an extremely large increase in adrenaline (ES = 4.22; 95% CI 2.62–5.82; p < 0.001), and a very large increase in noradrenaline (ES = 3.40; 95% CI 1.03–5.76; p = 0.005) and human growth hormone (HGH) levels (ES = 3.69; 95% CI 1.96–5.42; p < 0.001) immediately following the combat events, compared to the control condition i.e., “pre-combat”. Furthermore, amateur athletes had a larger increase in C levels compared to highly trained athletes (ES = 2.91 [very large] vs ES = 0.56 [small]), while evening events showed greater alterations in C levels compared to morning events (ES = 1.91 [large] vs ES = 0.48 [small]), without significant differences between them (p = 0.26 and p = 0.06, respectively). The present meta-analysis also showed a small, insignificant increase in testosterone (T) (ES = 0.47 [small]; 95% CI -0.45–0.99; p = 0.074) and a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 levels (ES = -0.20 [trivial]; 95% CI -0.78–0.37; p = 0.486) immediately following the combat events, compared to the control condition. The type of combat sports practised, participants’ gender, and the nature of competition contests (i.e., official vs simulation) did not moderate the relationship between competition and hormonal response. Additionaly, sub-analysis results showed a significant difference between younger and older athletes (Q = 4.05, p = 0.044), suggesting that after combat, younger individuals (less than 17 years of age) had a small decrease in T levels (ES = -0.58), compared with the moderate increase observed in older individuals (ES = 0.76). In conclusion, irrespective of striking combat sports types, the results showed that both official and simulated bouts are a real stressor of the hormonal system of practitioners. Coaches and applied practitioners should adopt “pre-competitive cognitive/coping strategies” to improve the psychological state that mediates the hormonal changes-competition/outcome relationship of their athletes in order to mitigate athletes’ stress.

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Hormonal, Physiological, and Physical Performance During Simulated Kickboxing Combat: Differences Between Winners and Losers

Cited by 43 publications

References 25 publications

Kickboxing review: anthropometric, psychophysiological and activity profiles and injury epidemiology

Kickboxing review: anthropometric, psychophysiological and activity profiles and injury epidemiology

Biological Responses to Four Events of the Modern Pentathlon in Male and Female Athletes

Hormonal responses to striking combat sports competition: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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