Hormonal influences on fear-motivated responses.

Giusto, Eros L. Di; Cairncross, K.D.; King, Maurice G.

doi:10.1037/h0031260

Cited by 73 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…What might be inducing the molecular changes? We considered one mechanism: activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis [ 41–48 ]. We administered corticosterone to eight C57BL/6J female mice over 4 weeks and oil vehicles of the same volume to eight control mice of the same strain.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Signatures of Major Depression

et al. 2015

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SummaryAdversity, particularly in early life, can cause illness. Clues to the responsible mechanisms may lie with the discovery of molecular signatures of stress, some of which include alterations to an individual’s somatic genome. Here, using genome sequences from 11,670 women, we observed a highly significant association between a stress-related disease, major depression, and the amount of mtDNA (p = 9.00 × 10−42, odds ratio 1.33 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29–1.37]) and telomere length (p = 2.84 × 10−14, odds ratio 0.85 [95% CI = 0.81–0.89]). While both telomere length and mtDNA amount were associated with adverse life events, conditional regression analyses showed the molecular changes were contingent on the depressed state. We tested this hypothesis with experiments in mice, demonstrating that stress causes both molecular changes, which are partly reversible and can be elicited by the administration of corticosterone. Together, these results demonstrate that changes in the amount of mtDNA and telomere length are consequences of stress and entering a depressed state. These findings identify increased amounts of mtDNA as a molecular marker of MD and have important implications for understanding how stress causes the disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Signatures of Major Depression

et al. 2015

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“…Stress and fear also stimulate the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal-cortical system, which may lead to elevations in the well-established stress hormone cortisol, a hormone associated with a passive strategy, loss of control, and depression (Henry 1993). Glucocorticoids usually facilitate the extinction of learned fear responses since their mode of action is to reduce fear, possibly by inhibiting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (Giusto et al 1971). In dogs, cortisol has been found to increase during transportation (Kuhn et al 1991, Bergeron et al 2002 and shock (Dess et al 1983), when exposed to sound blasts (Beerda et al 1998), and during social and spatial restriction (Beerda et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological reactions to fear provocation in dogs

Hydbring-Sandberg

Walter²,

Höglund³

et al. 2004

Journal of Endocrinology

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Fear is a common behavioral problem in dogs. In this paper, we studied the association between behavioral and physiological responses in two potentially fear-eliciting situations. The aim was to establish whether it is possible to separate dogs of the collie breed that are fearful of floors and gunshots from those that are not by studying changes in heart rate and hematocrit, plasma cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, vasopressin, and -endorphin concentrations. Thirteen privately owned male dogs of the collie breed were studied during a floor test, using different types of floors, and a subsequent gunshot test. Seven of the dogs were identified as being fearful of floors and six were declared as fearless. Out of the 13 dogs, seven were fearful of gunshots and six were fearless of gunshots. Since fear of floors did not always occur concomitantly with fear of gunshots, there were consequently four different groups of dogs. The heart rate increased during the floor test in all groups, but dogs that were fearful of floors had higher heart rates than dogs that were fearless of floors. Dogs that were fearful of gunshots had higher heart rates, higher hematocrit levels and higher plasma concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, vasopressin, and -endorphins during the gunshot test than did dogs that were found to be fearless of gunshots. Plasma cortisol and progesterone increased drastically during the gunshot test in dogs identified as being fearful of gunshots. In fearful dogs, the testosterone concentration increased after completion of the floor test and before the gunshot test started, but there were no significant differences in testosterone between the groups. Since dogs fearful of gunshots had increased levels of several physiological parameters, the results demonstrated that this fear is a serious stress for the individual, a fear which it is possible to register with physiological variables.

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“…As for behavior, glucocorticoids show the same effects of hippocampal ablation reducing some learning aspects [Micco et al, 1979], selective attention, stimulus detec tion processes [Oades, 1979] and playing a role in fearmotivated responses [Di Giusto et al, 1971], Moreover, corticosterone increases rearing and ambulatory activity, while ACTH does not influence exploratory behavior [Bohus et al, 1982], As for electrical activity, in rats, the hippocampus is inhibited by corticosterone [Pfaff et al, 1971 ] or dexamethasone (DEX) administration [Michal, 1974]; conversely, the electrical stimulation of the hip pocampus exerts an inhibitory influence on the pitu itary-adrenal function [Mason, 1958].…”

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confidence: 99%

Different Effects of ACTH Fragments on Hippocampal EEG and Behavior

Fontani

Grazzi²,

Aloisi³

1987

Neuropsychobiology

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The hippocampal electrical activity and behavior of rabbits have been studied in the presence of novel and emotional stimuli. The effects of these stimuli have been recorded in controls and in groups of animals treated with ACTH (4–10) (10 µg/100 g, i.m.) and ACTH (1–24) (10 µg/100 g, i.m.). Recordings were made immediately and 30 min after injection. ACTH (4–10) injection failed to evoke any significant behavioral or electrical response. Rabbits recorded 30 min after ACTH (1–24) injection showed a reduction of hippocampal RSA (rhythmic slow activity) frequency and behavioral activity. In particular, reduction of exploration, self-grooming, motor activity and approaches to the new object have been observed. Since ACTH is characterized by a corticotropic action these results can be due to corticosteroid stimulation.

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Hormonal influences on fear-motivated responses.

Cited by 73 publications

References 64 publications

Molecular Signatures of Major Depression

Molecular Signatures of Major Depression

Physiological reactions to fear provocation in dogs

Different Effects of ACTH Fragments on Hippocampal EEG and Behavior

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