Hormonal Imbalances and Psychological Scars Left Behind in Infertile Men

Abstract

The effect of infertility on the psychological well-being of couples has been the subject of increasing attention in recent years. The frustration of couples of a relatively young age (ie, in their fourth decades) provokes not only anxiety and depression but also negative effects on the relationships. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a diagnosis of male infertility on anxiety and depression in the men themselves and in fertile female spouses. The prospective cross-sectional study consisted of 264 participants, 72 males diagnosed with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) and their fertile spouses and 60 fertile couples attending our university between January 1, 2009, and April 30, 2010. The Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and hormone levels were measured during initial and follow-up visits. In NOA men, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were positively associated with anxiety, in contrast to testosterone, which was inversely associated with anxiety. After the diagnosis of NOA, producing no testicular sperm, the panic intensity among men increased significantly, whereas their spouses exhibited less panic. By contrast, fertile female partners of NOA men reported higher BDI scores after the initial diagnosis of azoospermia, whereas their partners recorded higher levels of depression after the absence of testicular sperm was discovered. Insomnia was the most common complaint for both sexes after the diagnosis of azoospermia. Hormonal abnormalities had a negative effect on the quality of life. Physicians and clinicians should acknowledge the immense psychosocial effect of the diagnosis of male infertility on both males and their fertile female partners.

Men's knowledge of their own fertility: a population-based survey examining the awareness of factors that are associated with male infertility

“…There may be some question about our choice of decoy items, as there is ongoing research of the associations with infertility. Insomnia, for example, has been shown to be associated with an infertility diagnosis (Bak et al, 2012). However, as the decoy items did not factor into our overall knowledge scores, they did not impact our results.…”

Gender differences in experiences with and adjustments to infertility: A literature review

“…A total of 17 studies measured depression among infertile couples using a variety of instruments: the Beck Depression Inventory (Bak et al, 2012;Chachamovich et al, 2010;Cserepes et al, 2013;Edelmann and Connolly, 2000;Galhardo et al, 2011;Gü leç et al, 2011;Karlidere et al, 2007;Pinto-Gouveia et al, 2012;Sultan and Tahir, 2011), the Self-Rating Depression Scale (Liu and Zhao, 2011), the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Musa et al, 2014), the Brief Symptom Inventory (Brucker and McKenry, 2004), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Anderson et al, 2003;Fatoye et al, 2008;Slade et al, 2007), the Symptom Checklist (Wischmann et al, 2009), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Maximova and QuesnelVallé e, 2009).…”

Impaired puberty, fertility, and final stature in 45,X/46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenetic patients raised as boys

“…As a consequence, the decision of raising a mixed gonadal dysgenetic patient as male cannot be based on a hypothetical fertility potential. Moreover, several publications have demonstrated that impaired fertility and short stature, each considered individually, are responsible for negative psychosocial outcomes in adult men (35,36,37).…”