Hormonal control of shoot elongation in tulips

Saniewski, M.; Munk, W.J. de

doi:10.1016/0304-4238(81)90091-1

Cited by 35 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…5). A similar effect of flower stalk growth inhibition upon bud decapitation or emasculation was observed in the miniature Cymbidium orchid (Ohno and Kako 1991), the tulip (Hanks and Rees 1977;Saniewski and De Munk 1981), and the daffodil (Edelbluth and Kaldewey 1976;Hanks and Rees 1977).…”

Section: Impact On Peduncle Elongation and Vascular Anatomysupporting

confidence: 64%

“…It was observed that removal of the flower or floral organs inhibits the elongation of the floral stalk or peduncle (Op den Kelder and others 1971;Hanks and Rees 1977). Treatment of emasculated or decapitated flowers with auxins (Edelbluth and Kaldewey 1976;Hanks and Rees 1977;De Munk 1979;Kohji and others 1979;Saniewski and De Munk 1981;Ohno and Kako 1991), as well as treatments of isolated stalk explants (Gabryszewska and Saniewski 1983), led to the conclusion that these plant hormones originating in anthers, gynoecium, or developing fruit are largely responsible for peduncle elongation. Identification of endogenous hormones during flowering in the tulip (Okubo and Uemoto 1985;Xu and others 2008) and barley (Wolbang and others 2004) confirm that diffusible auxins from floral organs, in the first place, and in coordination with gibberellins are responsible for stalk elongation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endogenous Auxin Profile in the Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger L.) Flower and Fruit: Free and Amide Conjugated IAA

Brcko

Pěnčík

Magnus

et al. 2011

J Plant Growth Regul

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The reproductive development of the Christmas rose (Helleborus niger L.) is characterized by an uncommon feature in the world of flowering plants: after fertilization the white perianth becomes green and photosynthetically active and persists during fruit development. In the flowers in which fertilization was prevented by emasculation (unfertilized) or entire reproductive organs were removed (depistillated), the elongation of the peduncle was reduced by 20-30%, and vascular development, particularly lignin deposition in sclerenchyma, was arrested. Chlorophyll accumulation in sepals and their photosynthetic efficacy were up to 80% lower in comparison to fertilized flowers. Endogenous auxins were investigated in floral and fruit tissues and their potential roles in these processes are discussed. Analytical data of free indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-ethanol (IEt), and seven amino acid conjugates were afforded by LC-MS/MS in floral tissues of fertilized as well as unfertilized and depistillated flowers. Among amino acid conjugates, novel ones with Val, Gly, and Phe were identified and quantified in the anthers, and in the fruit during development. Reproductive organs before fertilization followed by developing fruit at post-anthesis were the main source of auxin. Tissues of unfertilized and depistillated flowers accumulated significantly lower levels of auxin. Upon depistillation, auxin content in the peduncle and sepal was decreased to 4 and 45%, respectively, in comparison to fruit-bearing flowers. This study suggests that auxin arising in developing fruit may participate, in part, in the coordination of the Christmas rose peduncle elongation and its vascular development.

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Section: Impact On Peduncle Elongation and Vascular Anatomysupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Auxin Profile in the Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger L.) Flower and Fruit: Free and Amide Conjugated IAA

Brcko

Pěnčík

Magnus

et al. 2011

J Plant Growth Regul

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“…Tulipa gesneriana L. cv Apeldoom bulbs require a dry-storage period of 12 weeks after planting at 5OC for optimal shoot elongation and flowering. The shoots of noncooled bulbs (dry-stored at 17OC) elongate slowly and, if anthesis is achieved, severe flowering disorders occur (Lambrechts et al, 1992).Experiments with exogenously applied GAs, GA biosynthesis inhibitors, and auxins showed that both GAs -and auxins are involved in the elongation process of the tulip flower stalk (Saniewski, 1989;Saniewski and Kawa-Miszczak, 1992). However, the sites of hormone action and the resulting metabolic changes in the target organs are still unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiments with exogenously applied GAs, GA biosynthesis inhibitors, and auxins showed that both GAs -and auxins are involved in the elongation process of the tulip flower stalk (Saniewski, 1989;Saniewski and Kawa-Miszczak, 1992). However, the sites of hormone action and the resulting metabolic changes in the target organs are still unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate Status of Tulip Bulbs during Cold-Induced Flower Stalk Elongation and Flowering

Lambrechts¹,

Rook²,

Kollöffel³

1994

Plant Physiol.

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The effect of a cold treatment on the carbohydrate status of the scales and flower stalk of Tulipa gesneriana 1. cv Apeldoorn bulbs during growth after planting was studied and compared with bulbs not given cold treatment. Bulbs were stored dry for 12 weeks at 5'C (precooled) or 17°C (noncooled). Only the 5°C treatment led to rapid flower stalk elongation and flowering following planting at higher temperatures. Precooling enhanced mobilization of starch, fructans, and sucrose in the scales. The cold-stimulated starch breakdown was initially accompanied by increased a-amylase activity per scale. In noncooled bulbs, a-amylase activity slightly decreased or remained more or less constant. Cold-induced flower stalk elongation was partially accompanied by a decrease in the sucrose content and an increase in the glucose content and invertase activity per g dry weight. The starch content in internodes initially decreased and subsequently increased; a-amylase activity per g dry weight of the lowermost internode showed a peak pattern during starch breakdown and increased thereafter. The internodes of noncooled bulbs, on the contrary, accumulated sucrose. Their glucose content and invertase activity per g dry weight remained low. Starch breakdown was not found and a-amylase activity per g dry weight of the lowermost internode remained at a low level. Precooling of tulip bulbs thus favors reserve mobilization in the scales and flower stalk and glucose accumulation in the elongating internodes.It is well known that temperature controls the flowering process in many bulbous crops (Rees, 1972;De Hertogh and Le Nard, 1993). In the flowering process of tulips three phases have been distinguished: (a) the initiation phase, during which cell division and differentiation of the apical bud occur, resulting in the formation of a11 flower parts; (b) the preparation phase, during which the flower parts grow slowly and during which the conditions required for optimal flowering are prepared; and (c) the elongation phase, during which rapid extension growth of the shoot and flowering take place.In a temperate climate, flower initiation, flowering preparation, and shoot elongation occur in summer, winter, and spring, respectively. When bulbs are forced to flower at an earlier time, the cold winter period can be replaced by a welldefined, low-temperature treatment given to bulbs that are stored in climate rooms (dry-stored) (Rees, 1972;De Hertogh and Le Nard, 1993). Tulipa gesneriana L. cv Apeldoom bulbs require a dry-storage period of 12 weeks after planting at 5OC for optimal shoot elongation and flowering. The shoots of noncooled bulbs (dry-stored at 17OC) elongate slowly and, if anthesis is achieved, severe flowering disorders occur (Lambrechts et al., 1992).Experiments with exogenously applied GAs, GA biosynthesis inhibitors, and auxins showed that both GAs -and auxins are involved in the elongation process of the tulip flower stalk (Saniewski, 1989;Saniewski and Kawa-Miszczak, 1992). However, the sites of hormone action and the resu...

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“…As endogenous GA levels increase 22 , endogenous auxin levels have been found to increase in bioassays 20 , and auxin responsiveness is enhanced 25 when plants undergo rapid elongation. Moreover, exogenous GAs and auxins stimulate extension growth in tulips 28 . However, GA-treated tulip plants were found to flower earlier than untreated plants, with no appreciable extension growth in the upper internodes, meaning the length of the cut flowers remained shorter 12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral Sensitivity of the Extension Growth of Tulips Grown with Night Lighting under a Natural Photoperiod

Sumitomo

Tsuji

Yamagata

et al. 2012

JARQ

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The effect of light quality on the extension growth of tulips was investigated for 4 tulip (Tulipa gesneriana) cultivars "Leen van der mark," "Murasaki suisho," "Come back," and "Kikomachi." The exposure of tulips to ultraviolet-A (UV-A), blue (B), red (R) or far-red (FR) fluorescent tubes throughout the entire night (a process called "night lighting") was found to promote lengthening of the stem and first internode of plants grown under natural photoperiod conditions in a greenhouse. The effectiveness of FR night lighting was consistently observed across 4 cultivars, although the effectiveness of illumination within the UV-A, B and R wavelength ranges was found to vary with respect to stem length, the first internode and among different cultivars. Elevated photon flux densities of FR light were found to quantitatively increase the extension growth of "Leen van der mark," but the effect of FR night lighting reached saturation point at 0.59 μmol m -2 s -1. A 4-h end-of-day lighting period and night-break FR lighting period were also found to promote extension growth, but these effects were less pronounced than that induced by FR night lighting. A 4-h end-of-night FR lighting period had no effect on extension growth. Apart from these findings, the effects of the light quality on extension growth are discussed.

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Hormonal control of shoot elongation in tulips

Cited by 35 publications

References 6 publications

Endogenous Auxin Profile in the Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger L.) Flower and Fruit: Free and Amide Conjugated IAA

Endogenous Auxin Profile in the Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger L.) Flower and Fruit: Free and Amide Conjugated IAA

Carbohydrate Status of Tulip Bulbs during Cold-Induced Flower Stalk Elongation and Flowering

Spectral Sensitivity of the Extension Growth of Tulips Grown with Night Lighting under a Natural Photoperiod

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