Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications

Abstract

Increased life expectancy combined with the aging baby boomer generation has resulted in an unprecedented global expansion of the elderly population. The growing population of older adults and increased rate of age-related chronic illness has caused a substantial socioeconomic burden. The gradual and progressive age-related decline in hormone production and action has a detrimental impact on human health by increasing risk for chronic disease and reducing life span. This article reviews the age-related decline in hormone production, as well as age-related biochemical and body composition changes that reduce the bioavailability and actions of some hormones. The impact of hormonal changes on various chronic conditions including frailty, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and dementia are also discussed. Hormone replacement therapy has been attempted in many clinical trials to reverse and/or prevent the hormonal decline in aging to combat the progression of age-related diseases. Unfortunately, hormone replacement therapy is not a panacea, as it often results in various adverse events that outweigh its potential health benefits. Therefore, except in some specific individual cases, hormone replacement is not recommended. Rather, positive lifestyle modifications such as regular aerobic and resistance exercise programs and/or healthy calorically restricted diet can favorably affect endocrine and metabolic functions and act as countermeasures to various age-related diseases. We provide a critical review of the available data and offer recommendations that hopefully will form the groundwork for physicians/scientists to develop and optimize new endocrine-targeted therapies and lifestyle modifications that can better address age-related decline in heath.

Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity for Successful Aging: An Update for Nutritionists and Endocrinologists

“…The differentiation between physiological adjustments that can be beneficial to the aging process, from changes that are considered to be the main alterations in the development of metabolic complications and chronic diseases associated with the elderly, is necessary. This distinction is needed mostly to develop medical interventions targeted to specific hormone disorders to achieve longevity and a better quality of life [6,8].…”

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“…However, this increased susceptibility could be reduced by adequately addressing specific risk factors [ 6 ]. Aging is associated with a number of physiological changes including metabolic dysregulation, cognitive decline, vascular alterations, and changes in hormone production [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In addition, aging is accompanied by complex changes and dysfunction of the immune system, leading to an increase in the concentration of inflammatory markers in the blood, a phenomenon known as “inflammaging” [ 11 , 12 ].…”

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