Horizontal Transmission of Symbiotic Green Algae Between Hydra Strains

Miyokawa, Ryo; Tsuda, Toshitaka; Kanaya, Hiroyuki J.; Kusumi, Junko; Tachida, Hidenori; Kobayakawa, Yoshitaka

doi:10.1086/699705

Cited by 2 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These proteins play important roles in nematocyst maturation 46,47 . The downregulation of the genes expressed in nematoblasts and nematocytes in 105G strain is consistent with the above report 14 of the reduction in stenotele size and count in this strain. This inhibition of nematocyte development and the reduction in stenotele size and count may cause a decrease in prey capture ability in strain 105G.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The downregulation of these calcium ion channel genes in symbiotic states is probably due to changes in nematocytes, rather than disruption of calcium homeostasis, in endodermal cells containing symbionts. In fact, the stenoteles, which www.nature.com/scientificreports/ are the largest types of nematocyst, in strain 105G are smaller than the stenoteles in the original non-symbiotic strain 105, and the number of stenoteles per tentacle and the length of tentacles were decreased in strain 105G 14 . In addition, myosins and nematogalectins were downregulated in 105G and J7 strains (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These researchers showed that Wnt signalling activates TGF-β signalling, that TGF-β signalling initiates budding and that polyp size growth stops when budding begins 18 . The acquired symbiotic strain, 105G, exhibits a decreased polyp size compared with the original strain, 105 14 . A difference in the size of endodermal epithelial cells was not observed between strains 105G and 105 (Supplementary Table S3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ishikawa et al 12 postulated that hydras that did not have "endosymbiotic potential" with Chlorococcum evolved into native symbiotic hydras in a step-by-step process by first becoming hydras with endosymbiotic potential. Some Hydra strains with endosymbiotic potential can acquire symbionts by artificial or spontaneous transmission [10][11][12]14 . However, it is not clear what kind of step-by-step changes in the cellular mechanisms are required to obtain the endosymbiotic potential.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…elucidating the evolution of symbiosis at an early stage. In a previous study 14 , we showed that non-symbiotic hydras can acquire symbiotic chlorococci through the surrounding water by horizontal transmission without artificial introduction. In addition, the symbiotic hydra strain established by horizontal transmission exhibited notable changes, displaying decreased polyp size and elevated growth rate by budding.…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

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Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra

Miyokawa

Kanaya

Itoh

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Some strains of brown hydra (Hydra vulgaris) are able to harbor the green algae Chlorococcum in their endodermal epithelial cells as symbionts. However, the relationship between brown hydra and chlorococcum is considered to be incipient symbiosis because most artificially introduced symbionts are not stable and because symbiotic H. vulgaris strains are rare in the wild. In this study, we compared the gene expression levels of the newly established symbiotic hydra (strain 105G), the native symbiotic strain (J7), and their non-symbiotic polyps to determine what changes would occur at the early stage of the evolution of symbiosis. We found that both the 105G and J7 strains showed comparable expression patterns, exhibiting upregulation of lysosomal enzymes and downregulation of genes related to nematocyte development and function. Meanwhile, genes involved in translation and the respiratory chain were upregulated only in strain 105G. Furthermore, treatment with rapamycin, which inhibits translation activity, induced the degeneration of the symbiotic strains (105G and J7). This effect was severe in strain 105G. Our results suggested that evolving the ability to balance the cellular metabolism between the host and the symbiont is a key requirement for adapting to endosymbiosis with chlorococcum.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 87%

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Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra

Miyokawa

Kanaya

Itoh

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Symbiotic Algae of Hydra viridissima Play a Key Role in Maintaining Homeostatic Bacterial Colonization

et al. 2022

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The freshwater polyp Hydra viridissima (H. viridissima) harbors endosymbiotic Chlorella algae in addition to a species-specific microbiome. The molecular basis of the symbiosis between Hydra and Chlorella has been characterized to be metabolic in nature. Here, we studied the interaction between the extracellularly located microbiota and the algal photobiont, which resides in Hydra’s endodermal epithelium, with main focus on Legionella bacterium. We aimed at evaluating the influence of the symbiotic algae on microbial colonization and in shaping the host microbiome. We report that the microbiome composition of symbiotic and aposymbiotic (algae free) H. viridissima is significantly different and dominated by Legionella spp. Hvir in aposymbiotic animals. Co-cultivation of these animals resulted in horizontal transmission of Legionella spp. Hvir bacteria from aposymbiotic to symbiotic animals. Acquisition of this bacterium increased the release of algae into ambient water. From there, algae could subsequently be taken up again by the aposymbiotic animals. The presence of algal symbionts had negative impact on Legionella spp. Hvir and resulted in a decrease of the relative abundance of this bacterium. Prolonged co-cultivation ultimately resulted in the disappearance of the Legionella spp. Hvir bacterium from the Hydra tissue. Our observations suggest an important role of the photobiont in controlling an invasive species in a metacommunity and, thereby, shaping the microbiome.

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Horizontal Transmission of Symbiotic Green Algae Between Hydra Strains

Cited by 2 publications

References 28 publications

Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra

Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra

Symbiotic Algae of Hydra viridissima Play a Key Role in Maintaining Homeostatic Bacterial Colonization

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