Horizontal Inequalities: Explaining Persistence and Change

Stewart, Frances; Langer, Arnim

doi:10.1057/9780230582729_4

Cited by 54 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Alesina et al (2004) found that the poor in America faced with income inequality do not report high happiness scores, whereas inequality reduces happiness in Europe, especially for those with leftist views. Both McBride (1998) andLuttmer (2005) find a between-group inequality in nature, and it is regarded as a more influential element than "vertical inequality" (for example, income Gini coefficient) in determining social conflicts and long-term growth (Stewart, 2001;Stewart et al, 2005;Stewart and Langer, 2007). We refer to the horizontal inequality as between-group inequality (BI) in the following.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Identity, Inequality, and Happiness: Evidence from Urban China

2012

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This paper presents the impact of income inequality on the subjective wellbeing of three different social groups in urban China. We classify urban social groups according to their hukou status: rural migrants, "born" urban residents, and "acquired" urban residents who had changed their hukou identity from rural to urban. We focus on how the income disparity between migrants and urban residents affects individual happiness. The main results are as follows. People feel unhappy if inequality is related to their hukou identity, irrespective of whether they are urban residents with or without hukou. However, when identity-related inequality and other individual-and city-level characteristics are controlled, inequality measured by city-level Gini increases happiness. We also find that among urban residents who own hukou, mostly the "acquired" urban residents are unhappy with hukou-related inequality. This implies that identity is formed by both policy and personal experience. "Born" urban residents have lower happiness scores when they are old. Communist Party members strongly dislike the identity-related inequality.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Identity, Inequality, and Happiness: Evidence from Urban China

2012

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“…For example, Stewart and Langer (2008) and Stewart (2000) show that inequalities among groups (ethnic, religious, etc. ) can predict political instability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iran’s Multi-ethnic Mosaic: A 23-Year Perspective

Fesharaki

Majbouri

2017

Soc Indic Res

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. This study has been prepared within the UNU-WIDER project on 'The politics of group-based inequalities-measurement, implications, and possibilities for change' which is part of a larger research project on 'Disadvantaged groups and social mobility'. Terms of use: Documents in Copyright © UNU-WIDER 2016Information and requests: publications@wider.unu.edu ISSN 1798-7237 ISBN 978-92-9256-161-1 Typescript prepared by the Authors and Anna-Mari Vesterinen.The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research provides economic analysis and policy advice with the aim of promoting sustainable and equitable development. The Institute began operations in 1985 in Helsinki, Finland, as the first research and training centre of the United Nations University. Today it is a unique blend of think tank, research institute, and UN agency-providing a range of services from policy advice to governments as well as freely available original research.The Institute is funded through income from an endowment fund with additional contributions to its work programme from Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.Katajanokanlaituri 6 B, 00160 Helsinki, FinlandThe views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute or the United Nations University, nor the programme/project donors. Abstract:In this study, we embark on measuring inequality in Iran. We compute three measures of group-based inequality (Group-weighted Coefficient of Variation, Group-weighted Gini, and Group-weighted Theil) for the following outcomes: education, assets, income, and expenditure per capita. The groups are defined based on gender, ethnicity/language (Persian, Azeri, and other ethnic minorities), and region (urban versus rural and capital city versus other places) using 23 years of annual Household Expenditure and Income Surveys (HEIS) from 1990 through 2012. Inequality between groups based on religion (Muslim, non-Muslim), citizenship (Iranian, NonIranian) are also studied using the 2006 census. Our analysis of the trend of horizontal inequality reveals substantial reduction in between-group inequalities over the 1990-2012 period. Yet, gender based income inequality remains high. The implications and underlying reasons for these results are discussed.

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“…The inert nature of such inequalities justifies this static assumption (Tilly, 1999;Stewart & Langer, 2008; see also the online appendix). All the same, our research design relies on We also introduce a number of variables to control for country-level properties:…”

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confidence: 92%

“…Above, we have already noted that structural asymmetries such as economic horizontal inequalities tend to persist and therefore reverse causation is much less likely than in the case of political inequality (Tilly, 1999;Stewart & Langer, 2008). Although at least partly dependent on the government's provision of public goods, ethnic groups' relative economic performance typically does not exhibit much change over the decades.…”

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confidence: 99%

Triangulating horizontal inequality

Cederman

Weidmann

Bormann

2015

Journal of Peace Research

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Does economic inequality cause civil war? Deviating from individualist measures of inequality such as the Gini coefficient, recent studies have found a statistical link between group-level inequalities and conflict onset. Yet, this connection remains controversial, not least because of the difficulties associated with conceptualizing and measuring group-level differences in development. In an effort to overcome weaknesses afflicting specific methods of measurement, we introduce a new composite indicator that exploits the strengths of three sources of data. The first step of our method combines geocoded data from the G-Econ project with night lights emissions data from satellites. In a second step, we bring together the combined spatial values with survey estimates in order to arrive at an improved measure of group-level inequality that is both more accurate and more robust than any one of the component measures. We evaluate the effect of the combined indicator and its components on the onset of civil violence. As expected, the combined index yields stronger results as more information becomes available, thus confirming the initial hypothesis that horizontal economic inequality does drive conflict in the case of groups that are relatively poor compared to the country average. Furthermore, these findings appear to be considerably more robust than those relying on a single data source.

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Horizontal Inequalities: Explaining Persistence and Change

Cited by 54 publications

References 66 publications

Identity, Inequality, and Happiness: Evidence from Urban China

Identity, Inequality, and Happiness: Evidence from Urban China

Iran’s Multi-ethnic Mosaic: A 23-Year Perspective

Triangulating horizontal inequality

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