Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: A Review of Vision Science and Application Issues

Rubenzer, Steve; Stevenson, Scott B.

doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01289.x

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(213 reference statements)

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“…This is usually explained by the strong influence of the physical status of the subjects ([6] for review). A direct comparison with results from previous studies ([3], [18]) must be made with caution because of differences in the range of gaze eccentricities tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of end-point nystagmus is, however, quite variable and subjects showing no end-point nystagmus at all, regardless of eccentricity, have been reported ([2], [3], [4], [5]) while others show such nystagmus already at small gaze eccentricities ([2], [5]). These contrasting findings have been explained by the strong influence of the physical status of the subjects ([6] for review). For example alcohol consumption ([7], [8], [9]) as well as sleep deprivation ([5]) decrease the minimal horizontal gaze eccentricity at which end-point nystagmus appears.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gaze Holding in Healthy Subjects

et al. 2013

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Eccentric gaze in darkness evokes minor centripetal eye drifts in healthy subjects, as cerebellar control sufficiently compensates for the inherent deficiencies of the brainstem gaze-holding network. This behavior is commonly described using a leaky integrator model, which assumes that eye velocity grows linearly with gaze eccentricity. Results from previous studies in patients and healthy subjects suggest caution when this assumption is applied to eye eccentricities larger than 20 degrees. To obtain a detailed characterization of the centripetal gaze-evoked drift, we recorded horizontal eye position in 20 healthy subjects. With their head fixed, they were asked to fixate a flashing dot (50 ms every 2 s)that was quasi-stationary displacing(0.5 deg/s) between ±40 deg horizontally in otherwise complete darkness. Drift velocity was weak at all angles tested. Linearity was assessed by dividing the range of gaze eccentricity in four bins of 20 deg each, and comparing the slopes of a linear function fitted to the horizontal velocity in each bin. The slopes of single subjects for gaze eccentricities of ±0−20 deg were, in median,0.41 times the slopes obtained for gaze eccentricities of ±20−40 deg. By smoothing the individual subjects' eye velocity as a function of gaze eccentricity, we derived a population of position-velocity curves. We show that a tangent function provides a better fit to the mean of these curves when large eccentricities are considered. This implies that the quasi-linear behavior within the typical ocular motor range is the result of a tuning procedure, which is optimized in the most commonly used range of gaze. We hypothesize that the observed non-linearity at eccentric gaze results from a saturation of the input that each neuron in the integrating network receives from the others. As a consequence, gaze-holding performance declines more rapidly at large eccentricities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze Holding in Healthy Subjects

et al. 2013

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“…The baseline recording allows discounting any confounding factor known to affect GEN and its prevalence (e.g. age, between‐subject variability, alertness, physical status of the subjects) (Rubenzer & Stevenson, ; Whyte et al . ; Bertolini et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Impaired gaze stability has also been demonstrated in healthy individuals under the influence of alcohol (Aschan & Bergstedt, ; Lehti, ; Rubenzer & Stevenson, ). Acute alcohol intoxication [blood alcohol content (BAC) >1‰] significantly increases the incidence of EPN (Citek et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze‐evoked nystagmus induced by alcohol intoxication

Romano

Tarnutzer

Straumann

et al. 2017

The Journal of Physiology

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1 Key points2  The cerebellum is the core structure controlling gaze stability. Chronic 3 cerebellar diseases and acute alcohol intoxication affect cerebellar function, 4 inducing, among others, gaze instability as Gaze-evoked nystagmus. 5 Gaze-evoked nystagmus is characterized by increased centripetal eye-drift. It is 6 used as an important diagnostic sign for patients with cerebellar degeneration 7 and to assess the "driving while intoxicated" condition. 8 We quantified the effect of alcohol on gaze-holding using an approach allowing, 9for the first time, the comparison of deficits induced by alcohol intoxication and 10 cerebellar degeneration. 11 Our results showed that alcohol intoxication induces a two-fold increase of 12 centripetal eye-drift. 13 We establish analysis techniques for using controlled alcohol-intake as a model 14 to help the study of cerebellar deficits. We recorded gaze-holding at varying horizontal eye positions in 15 healthy participants 26 before and 30min after alcohol intake required to reach 0.6‰ blood alcohol content 27 (BAC). Changes in ocular-motor behavior were quantified measuring eye-drift velocity 28 3 as a continuous function of gaze eccentricity over a large range (±40°) of horizontal 29 gaze angles and characterized using a 2-parameters tangent model. 30The effect of alcohol on gaze stability was assessed analyzing: 1) overall effects on the 31 gaze-holding system, 2) specific effects on each eye, 3) differences between gaze angles 32 in the temporal and nasal hemifields. 33For all subjects, alcohol consumption induced gaze instability, causing a two-fold

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“…To quantify the influence of any substances, police in many countries use methods derived from the field impairment tests (FIT) used in the UK [1] or the standardized field sobriety tests (SFT) that were developed and evaluated in the US [2]. These test batteries for example include walk and turn tests or tests for horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) [3], where the subject has to follow the finger of a police officer with his eyes; if nystagmus occurs, it is noticeable as a rapid oscillation (saccades) of eyes that occurs at a certain angle of the straigt ahead position [4]. The current method of conducting such tests, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile Smarttracking – Finding Objective Parameters for Determining Fitness to Drive

Albrecht

Khosravianarab

Folta-Schoofs

et al. 2013

Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik

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The misuse of alcohol and drugs has a big influence on traffic safety. For assessing whether a driver is impaired by alcohol or drugs, police conduct roadside tests, e.g. by breathalyzer or similar devices and also use other test batteries such as standardized field sobriety tests (SFT) that evaluate various psychophysical parameters. However, the way these tests are usually conducted often leads to subjective and investigator dependent results. For more objective results that allow to quantify the influence of illicit substances or alcohol using non-invasive test methods, specialized (laboratory) equipment has to be used. In order to allow for a more objective way of testing with devices already available in roadside situations, in our preliminary study, we chose horizontal gaze nystagmus (part of SFT) and implemented it for Android based devices.

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Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: A Review of Vision Science and Application Issues

Cited by 10 publications

References 131 publications

Gaze Holding in Healthy Subjects

Gaze Holding in Healthy Subjects

Gaze‐evoked nystagmus induced by alcohol intoxication

Mobile Smarttracking – Finding Objective Parameters for Determining Fitness to Drive

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