Horizontal and Vertical Geotechnical Variations of Soils According to USCS Classification for the City of An-Najaf, Iraq Using GIS

Abstract

The unified soil classification system (USCS) first proposed by Casagrande and subsequently developed by the Army Corps of Engineers. It widely used in many building codes and books. An-Najaf city is the most important city in Iraq due to its religious and spiritual value in the Muslim world, so it is fast expanding and continuous developing city in Iraq. The data from 464 boreholes in the study area for depths of 0-26 m have been used. 13 Soil samples were collected from each borehole with 13 depths level (0-26) m with 2 m intervals. The USCS was applied to the soil samples from 13 depth levels borehole. This research aims to create a geodatabase for soil properties for An-Najaf. The ArcGIS 10.5 software was used to interpolate the spatial data to produce 33 geotechnical maps for fine soil, coarse soil and USCS for 13 depth levels. For numerical soil data, Ordinary Kriging has been used for interpolation mapping of Fine and Coarse percentage data for each depth. For non-numerical (nominal) soil data (USCS class), the Indicator Kriging method is used. The results show that the coarse soil occupied 85-95% for depth 0-16 m and consist of (SP, SP-SM, SM) while fine soil occupied 5-15% consisting of (OL, CH, ML) subsequently, this soil when compacted has a permeability of pervious to semi impervious, good shearing strength, low to very low compressibility and acceptable workability as a construction material. The results also show that after 16 m depths until 26 m, the fine soil percentage increased to 40% with a coarse soil ().,-volV) ( 01234567 89().,-volV) percentage of 60%, indicating changes in soil characteristics as the permeability became semi-pervious to impervious, fair shearing strength, medium compressibility and fair workability as a construction material. The study results will provide help and saving time, efforts and money in preliminary engineering designs.

Future Water Requirements and Crop Productivity at Al-Najaf Governorate Under Different Climate Change Scenarios (2020–2080)

“…The selected study area in this study is located in Al-Najaf provenance, Iraq,161 kilometers from south Baghdad on the bank of the Euphrates River [16], as shown in Figure 1. The geographic area is located between (42°-44°) in longitudes and (29°-32°) in latitudes [17] as shown in Figure 1.With an area of (29,000 km2) and forms 7% of the total area of Iraq.…”

Optimum location for landfills landfill site selection using GIS technique: Al-Naja city as a case study

“…It consists of three districts and seven sub-districts (The district of the An-Najaf centre, with two sub-districts linked to it, al-Haidariya and al-Shabaka, Al-Kufa district with two sub-districts linked to it: Al-Abbasiya and Al-Hurriya and Al-Manathira district, with three sub-districts: Al-Hirah, Al-Meshkhab and Al-Qadisiyah are linked to it)as) as shown in Figure 1. The study area is located within the governorates of the Middle Euphrates, as well as not far from Baghdad, which gives importance to its location at the meeting point of different production environments, and this contributed to the activation of commercial movement, exchange and production of goods, also notes its impact on other economic activities (agricultural, industrial and tourism) in the governorate (Al-Mamoori et al, 2020). The religious and historical significance of the city has made the governorate an attractive area for residents, whether through housing or the seasons of millions of visits and this causes a continuous increase in the generation of waste.…”

Reliability Analysis of Anchored Geotechnical Structures for the Design Limit States

“…The Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is used in a large format to include procedures which seek all limit states need to be checked using a particular design including load and resistance factors. The basic format of the limit state equation Gi is expressed as the difference between two major quantities [22][23][24]:…”