Hopping and swimming in the leopard frogRana pipiens: II. A comparison of muscle activities

Locomotion and Biomechanical Adaptations in Hind Limb Muscles of Three Mexican Anuran Species

“…800 times denser than air, requiring adaptations of both the hind limbs and the entire body (Padilla et al, 2020). When swimming, anurans glide followed by a complete limb extension, and when hopping or climbing they arch through the leap (Kamel et al, 1996). Anurans that are semi-aquatic must optimize biomechanical locomotion on land and in water (Kamel et al, 1996; Seebacher et al, 2003; Nauwelaerts et al, 2005).…”

“…When swimming, anurans glide followed by a complete limb extension, and when hopping or climbing they arch through the leap (Kamel et al, 1996). Anurans that are semi-aquatic must optimize biomechanical locomotion on land and in water (Kamel et al, 1996; Seebacher et al, 2003; Nauwelaerts et al, 2005). As such, locomotion has clear ecological relevance for anurans, especially when feeding, avoiding predators, interacting socially, or reproducing (Wells, 2007); thus, the environment in which animals live defines the structural and biomechanical requirements needed for efficient movement.…”

Exploring sexual differences in external morphology and limb muscles of Hylarana guentheri (Anura: Ranidae) during non‐breeding season

“…For anurans with inguinal or axillary amplexus, a majority of males have heavier forelimb muscles to aid them clasping their mates tightly and avoid being replaced by other rivals to ensure reproductive success (Lee & Corrales, 2002). The hindlimb muscles in anurans are mainly responsible for locomotion (Kamel et al, 1996). Males with robust hind limbs may have a locomotor advantage in finding mates and kicking competitors (Lee & Corrales, 2002).…”