“…Over two-thirds of nursing presence research has been conducted using qualitative approaches, which is consistent with a behavioral concept in early development. Qualitative study designs include exploratory & descriptive (Brown, 1986;DuisNittsche, 2002;Hanson, 2004;Jackson, 2004;Mohnkern, 1992;Osterman et al, 2010), grounded theory (Edvardsson, Sandman, & Rasmussen, 2011;Hain, Logan, Cragg, & Van den Berg, 2007), phenomenology (Cohen, Hausner, & Johnson, 1994;Davis, 2005;Pettigrew, 1988), interpretive (Reis, Rempel, Scott, Brady-Fryer, & Aerde, 2010), and hermeneutics (Cantrell & Matula, 2009;Doona, Chase, & Haggerty, 1999;MacKimmon, McIntyre, & Quance, 2005;Turner & Stokes, 2006). The remaining six studies utilized quantitative methods: comparative (Busch et al, 2012;Papastavrou et al, 2011) and instrument development (Foust, 1998;Hansbrough, 2011;Hines, 1991;Kostovich, 2011).…”