“…Pregnant and postpartum women with SUDs report fear of criminalization or punishment if their substance use is reported to authorities by health care providers (Chan & Moriarty, 2010;Gilchrist et al, 2012;Hall & van Teijlingen, 2006;Harvey et al, 2015;Howard, 2015;Jessup et al, 2003;Leppo, 2012;Stone, 2015). Fear of loss of infant custody, arrest, prosecution, or incarceration can thus impair the formation of trust in the provider-patient relationship, serve as a barrier to the utilization of prenatal care and addiction treatment services, and discourage disclosure of substance use to health care providers (Kruk & Banga, 2011;Phillips et al, 2007;Roberts & Nuru-Jeter, 2010;Roberts & Pies, 2011;Stengel, 2014;Stone, 2015;Van Scoyoc et al, 2016).…”