Hookworm Disease: Host-Pathogen Biology

Gilman, Robert H.

doi:10.1093/4.4.824

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The most frequently reported parasites in shelter dogs are helminths and protozoans [ 7 , 12 , 30 ]. Hookworms ( Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala) , ascarids ( Toxocara canis , Toxascaris leonina), whipworm ( Trichuris vulpis) and the flea tapeworm ( Dipylidium caninum) are the major helminths, while Giardia , Cryptosporidium , Isospora spp.…”

Section: Parasites In Shelter Dogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intestinal parasites can pose serious health problems in dogs, especially puppies [ 9 , 10 ] including retarded growth, lowered immune response to infectious diseases and generalized ill health [ 11 ]. For example, hematophagous parasites, such as hookworms, can cause traumatic lesions to the host’s intestinal mucosa resulting in anemia, which in puppies might prove fatal if not treated promptly [ 12 , 13 ]. While contemporary research has tended to focus upon extra-gastrointestinal parasites such as heartworm [ 13 ], gastrointestinal parasites remain a significant threat to animal health in shelter environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gastrointestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs: Occurrence, Pathology, Treatment and Risk to Shelter Workers

Raza

Rand

Qamar

et al. 2018

Animals

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Simple SummaryDespite evidence of a minor role of gastrointestinal parasites in causing disease in owned pet populations prophylactically treated with anthelmintics, gastrointestinal parasitism remains an important consideration in the care of animals in shelters, and in owned pet populations in developing countries, where regular prophylactic treatment is lacking. In addition, the zoonotic potential of many organisms is a universal public health concern. Animal shelters facilitate spread of gastrointestinal parasites to incoming animals and shelter staff if there is overcrowding and frequent exposure to a contaminated environment. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in shelter dogs is typically higher than in owned dogs. In this review, we report the prevalence of parasites in shelter dogs worldwide, and review parasite control strategies for use in shelters. We also discuss whether the shelter environment might magnify risks for development of parasiticide resistance in resident parasite populations. We recommend an integrated parasite control approach based on sanitation measures to reduce environmental contamination and accompanied with appropriate use of anthelmintics in shelter dogs. Ideally, every animal should be treated after fecal examination for parasites during its stay in the shelter, although it is recognized that for many shelters, the resources to do this might be prohibitive.AbstractDogs entering shelters can carry gastrointestinal parasites that may pose serious risks to other animals, shelter staff and visitors. Shelters provide an environment that could facilitate the spread of parasitic infections between animals. Nematodes and protozoa that transmit through ingestion or skin penetration are major enteric parasites of concern in shelter settings. Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis and Dipylidium caninum are the major helminths while Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Isospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp. are the most prevalent protozoan parasites in shelter dogs. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in shelter dogs is typically higher than in owned dogs. A range of cost-effective drugs is available for prevention and control of helminths in shelters, notably fenbendazole, pyrantel, oxantel, and praziquantel. Parasiticide options for protozoan parasites are often cost-prohibitive or limited by a lack of veterinary registration for use in dogs. Environmental control measures reliant upon hygiene and facility management are therefore a mainstay for control and prevention of protozoan parasites in shelters. This philosophy should also extend to helminth control, as integrated parasite control strategies can allow anthelmintics to be used more sparingly and judiciously. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the current knowledge on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites most commonly found in dogs in shelters, canvass recommended treatment programs in shelter dogs, and to explore the likelihood that parasitic...

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Section: Parasites In Shelter Dogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs: Occurrence, Pathology, Treatment and Risk to Shelter Workers

Raza

Rand

Qamar

et al. 2018

Animals

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“…Unless washed by heavy rain, the lateral movement of infective larvae is very restricted and so most larvae remain close to the site of deposition (Banwell and Schad, 1978;Hominick et al, 1987). The infective larvae are, however, capable of considerable vertical movement (WHO, 1964), migrating upwards to the soil surface or to low vegetation in order to make contact with humans (Gilman, 1982;Pawlowski et al, 1991). In the two study plantations, there is clearly a need to improve access to a public water supply, especially to pipe-borne water, as well as to toilets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of climatic, socio–economic and behavioural factors on the transmission of hookworm (Necator americanus) on two low-country plantations in Sri Lanka

Gunawardena

Karunaweera

Ismail

2005

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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The climatic, socio-economic and behavioural factors influencing hookworm (Necator americanus) infection in Sri Lanka were explored between February 2000 and June 2001. In February 2000, a single stool sample was collected from each of the 477 subjects investigated, who were aged 2-74 years (median = 13 years) and lived on the 'lowcountry' Maliboda and Ayr plantations. The 'baseline' prevalence (28.5%) and intensity of hookworm infection (0- 4828.5 eggs/g faeces, with a mean of 128.4 eggs/g) were then determined by examining these initial samples, as Kato-Katz smears. Subsequently, each participant was treated with a single, 500-mg dose of mebendazole and then followed-up, at monthly intervals, for the next 15 months. Whenever a subject was found smear-positive for hookworm eggs at one of the monthly follow-ups, he or she was treated again with mebendazole. This approach allowed the monthly incidence of hookworm infection to be determined for each subject, assuming that subjects became smear-positive approximately 6 weeks post-infection. During the study period, rainfall and mean temperature were recorded daily and then converted to monthly values so that the relationship between the incidence of infection over each month and the rainfall and mean temperature over the same period could be explored. In addition, potentially relevant data on the socio-economic status and behaviour of each subject were collected, in questionnaire-based interviews with the adult subjects and the caregivers of the children investigated. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were then calculated for each factor that might increase the risk of hookworm infection. The monthly incidence of hookworm infection showed three peaks -- in September 2000 (21.3%), January 2001 (20.8%) and May 2001 (17.5%) -- at Maliboda, and two peaks -- in September 2000 (25.0%) and February 2001 (29.2%) -- at Ayr. With the data for all subjects combined, incidence showed a statistically significant correlation with mean temperature (r = -0.468; P = 0.018). The results of a multivariate analysis also revealed that mean temperature was significant (beta = -5.296; P = 0.01) in hookworm incidence. Bathing and washing with water from rock-pools formed by waterfalls (OR = 1.33; CI = 1.35-4.01), the use of wells (OR = 2.35; CI = 1.29-4.30), and a lack of toilets (OR = 1.60; CI = 1.01-2.53) each appeared to increase the risk of hookworm infection significantly. Those living on the two study plantations, and perhaps many other similar plantations in Sri Lanka, would clearly benefit from improved access to the public water supply (especially to pipe-borne water) and toilets.

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“…Hookworm eggs are excreted in the feces of infected people and on successive molts to third-stage larvae, become infectious to humans via skin penetration, or in the case of Ancylostoma spp., following oral ingestion. 7 Much of hookworm's health impact is mediated through intestinal hemorrhage caused by adult parasites, which attach to the gut mucosa and feed on blood from lacerated capillaries. [4][5][6] Intestinal blood loss leads to-or exacerbates-iron deficiency (ID) and eventually to ID anemia (IDA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Albendazole Treatment Improves Work Capacity in Women Smallholder Farmers Infected with Hookworm: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial

Salmon

Masoda³

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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An estimated 4.7 billion people live in regions exposed to soil-transmitted helminths, intestinal parasites that have significant impacts on the health of women smallholder farmers. The goal of this trial was to determine whether treatment with albendazole impacts the work capacity of these farmers. This is a prospective double-blind, randomized effectiveness trial. Participants ( = 250) were randomly selected from safe motherhood groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Prevalence/intensity of hookworm infection, hemoglobin, and demographics was obtained. At study (Time = 0), participants were randomized into treatment (albendazole 400 mg) and placebo (similar placebo tablet) groups. A step test was administered as a proxy metric for work capacity. Work capacity was defined as ∆heart rate before and after 3 minutes of step testing, in beats per minute. At study (time = 7 months), the step test was repeated and work capacity remeasured. The ∆work capacity (time = 0 minus time = 7 months) was the primary outcome. Investigators/field assistants were blinded to who was enrolled in groups, hookworm status, and step test results. Regression showed highly significant interactive effects of hookworm status and treatment group relative to ∆work capacity after controlling for resting pulse rate and age ( < 0.002). Estimated marginal means for work capacity (WC) for each of four groups (hookworm positive plus placebo, hookworm positive plus treatment, hookworm negative plus placebo, and hookworm negative plus treatment) showed women who were hookworm positive and received treatment decreased heart rate by 9.744 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.42, 13.07) beats per minute (increased WC), whereas women who were hookworm positive and received placebo saw a nonsignificant decrease of 0.034 (95% CI: -3.16, 3.84) beats per minute. Treatment with albendazole was associated with improved aerobic work capacity posttreatment. Given modest costs of drug distributions, risk benefits of periodic deworming warrants further study in larger controlled trials.

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Hookworm Disease: Host-Pathogen Biology

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Gastrointestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs: Occurrence, Pathology, Treatment and Risk to Shelter Workers

Gastrointestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs: Occurrence, Pathology, Treatment and Risk to Shelter Workers

Effects of climatic, socio–economic and behavioural factors on the transmission of hookworm (Necator americanus) on two low-country plantations in Sri Lanka

Albendazole Treatment Improves Work Capacity in Women Smallholder Farmers Infected with Hookworm: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial

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