Hood's STANZAS (“FAREWELL, LIFE…”)

Butterworth, Robert

doi:10.1080/00144940509604807

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Other than that, he explained, ''it is preferable for the parent-teacher organization to create public recognition of the need for better standards than to raise the money through its own efforts.'' 54 Both men, representative of male educational administrators around the country, were concerned that fundraising strengthened the PTA locally and nationally, thereby affording laywomen ''a greater opportunity to influence policies, legislation, and educational practice.'' 55 By the mid-1920s, male administrators made their position clear: white clubwomen were out of touch with the latest educational developments and were contributing to schools as though they were still ''in the days of the 'little red schoolhouse.'…”

Section: Gender and The Congress Of Mothersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, Gender, and the Early PTA: Civic Engagement and Public Education, 1897–1924

Woyshner

2003

Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education

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This article examines the origins of the National Parent-Teacher Association and questions its current image as a white, middle-class women's association. Founded as the National Congress of Mothers in 1897, the association was wedded to late-nineteenth century maternalist ideology that held that all women were united across race, class, and religion in their particular obligation to ensure the proper rearing of all children. The author considers this maternalism and its role in the development of the organization. First, she argues that the emphasis on woman-as-mother allowed for the rapid expansion of a national organization, which by 1920 created considerable tension between women volunteers and male school administrators. By the 1920s, male administrators succeeded in containing the influence of the PTA by employing a rhetorical strategy that separated fundraising from volunteers’ educational work. Then, the author investigates the NCM's racially inclusive policy, a central component of maternalist thinking unique for this era, and argues that it posed the greatest challenge to the organization. This historical study raises questions about the role of civic voluntary associations in public education in a democracy.

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Section: Gender and The Congress Of Mothersmentioning

confidence: 99%