Honey Bee Antiviral Immune Barriers as Affected by Multiple Stress Factors: A Novel Paradigm to Interpret Colony Health Decline and Collapse

Nazzi, Francesco; Pennacchio, Francesco

doi:10.3390/v10040159

Cited by 50 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Investigation of DWV pathogenesis is complicated by the synergistic negative effects of both Varroa destructor mite parasitization and mite-mediated virus transmission, as well as impairment of the antiviral NF-κB/Dorsal-1A pathway as a result of exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides (i.e., clothianidin and imidacloprid) [ 101 ]. The complex interactions between host, virus, vector, neonicotinoid exposure and nutritional status, at both the individual bee and colony levels, were reviewed in this issue of Viruses by Nazzi and Pennacchio [ 158 ]. Together, several studies have demonstrated the key role of the NF-κB/Dorsal-1A pathway in limiting virus infection, including studies that determined that reduced expression of dorsal-1A , both experimentally and naturally, favored virus proliferation [ 93 ].…”

Section: Bee Antiviral Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

Honey Bee and Bumble Bee Antiviral Defense

McMenamin

Daughenbaugh

Parekh

et al. 2018

Viruses

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Bees are important plant pollinators in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Managed and wild bees have experienced high average annual colony losses, population declines, and local extinctions in many geographic regions. Multiple factors, including virus infections, impact bee health and longevity. The majority of bee-infecting viruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Bee-infecting viruses often cause asymptomatic infections but may also cause paralysis, deformity or death. The severity of infection is governed by bee host immune responses and influenced by additional biotic and abiotic factors. Herein, we highlight studies that have contributed to the current understanding of antiviral defense in bees, including the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera), the Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana) and bumble bee species (Bombus spp.). Bee antiviral defense mechanisms include RNA interference (RNAi), endocytosis, melanization, encapsulation, autophagy and conserved immune pathways including Jak/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and the NF-κB mediated Toll and Imd (immune deficiency) pathways. Studies in Dipteran insects, including the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and pathogen-transmitting mosquitos, provide the framework for understanding bee antiviral defense. However, there are notable differences such as the more prominent role of a non-sequence specific, dsRNA-triggered, virus limiting response in honey bees and bumble bees. This virus-limiting response in bees is akin to pathways in a range of organisms including other invertebrates (i.e., oysters, shrimp and sand flies), as well as the mammalian interferon response. Current and future research aimed at elucidating bee antiviral defense mechanisms may lead to development of strategies that mitigate bee losses, while expanding our understanding of insect antiviral defense and the potential evolutionary relationship between sociality and immune function.

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Section: Bee Antiviral Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

Honey Bee and Bumble Bee Antiviral Defense

McMenamin

Daughenbaugh

Parekh

et al. 2018

Viruses

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“…While the causes of honey bee colony decline are complex [2], the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, represents a major threat to honey bee health [12,13]. In addition to weakening honey bees by feeding on body fat [14], the Varroa mite also vectors honey bee viruses [15][16][17][18][19][20], with the spread of the Varroa mite resulting in dominance of a more pathogenic Deformed wing virus (DWV) strain [16,21]. At least 24 honey bee-associated viruses have been reported [22], including seven viruses that are widespread.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Lines for Honey Bee Virus Research

Guo

Goodman

Stanley

et al. 2020

Viruses

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With ongoing colony losses driven in part by the Varroa mite and the associated exacerbation of the virus load, there is an urgent need to protect honey bees (Apis mellifera) from fatal levels of virus infection and from the non-target effects of insecticides used in agricultural settings. A continuously replicating cell line derived from the honey bee would provide a valuable tool for the study of molecular mechanisms of virus-host interaction, for the screening of antiviral agents for potential use within the hive, and for the assessment of the risk of current and candidate insecticides to the honey bee. However, the establishment of a continuously replicating honey bee cell line has proved challenging. Here, we provide an overview of attempts to establish primary and continuously replicating hymenopteran cell lines, methods (including recent results) of establishing honey bee cell lines, challenges associated with the presence of latent viruses (especially Deformed wing virus) in established cell lines and methods to establish virus-free cell lines. We also describe the potential use of honey bee cell lines in conjunction with infectious clones of honey bee viruses for examination of fundamental virology.

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“…Furthermore, DWV has a negative impact on the immune system of the honeybee [15,16]: the virus tends to negatively regulate the transcription of some genes such as dorsal 1A, a transcription factor in the family NF-κB [17,18], and the Toll pathway, which are known to target viruses [19][20][21][22]. As a result of this transcription dysregulation, transcription of antimicrobial peptides, clotting and melanization are reduced in infected honeybees [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Immune Regulatory Genes in Apis mellifera through Caffeine Treatment

Tang

et al. 2020

Insects

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Plants and pollinators are mutually beneficial: plants provide nectar as a food source and in return their pollen is disseminated by pollinators such as honeybees. Some plants secrete chemicals to deter herbivores as a protective measure, among which is caffeine, a naturally occurring, bitter tasting, and pharmacologically active secondary compound. It can be found in low concentrations in the nectars of some plants and as such, when pollinators consume nectar, they also take in small amounts of caffeine. Whilst caffeine has been indicated as an antioxidant in both mammals and insects, the effect on insect immunity is unclear. In the present study, honeybees were treated with caffeine and the expression profiles of genes involved in immune responses were measured to evaluate the influence of caffeine on immunity. In addition, honeybees were infected with deformed wing virus (DWV) to study how caffeine affects their response against pathogens. Our results showed that caffeine can increase the expression of genes involved in immunity and reduce virus copy numbers, indicating that it has the potential to help honeybees fight against viral infection. The present study provides a valuable insight into the mechanism by which honeybees react to biotic stress and how caffeine can serve as a positive contributor, thus having a potential application in beekeeping.

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Honey Bee Antiviral Immune Barriers as Affected by Multiple Stress Factors: A Novel Paradigm to Interpret Colony Health Decline and Collapse

Cited by 50 publications

References 38 publications

Honey Bee and Bumble Bee Antiviral Defense

Honey Bee and Bumble Bee Antiviral Defense

Cell Lines for Honey Bee Virus Research

Identification of Immune Regulatory Genes in Apis mellifera through Caffeine Treatment

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