Honey and its Phytochemicals: Plausible Agents in Combating Colon Cancer through its Diversified Actions

Abstract

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Among them, colorectal cancer is linked with diet as the epithelial cells of colon and rectum come in direct contact with diet. Diets rich in phenolic constituents are associated in eradicating various noncommunicable diseases including cancer. This work illustrates antiproliferative effects of honey and its phytochemicals against colorectal cancer to limelight. Honey and its phytochemicals are found to inhibit the cancer growth. Changes like activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase cleavage, boost in ROS level activating mitochondrial pathway, lipid layer breakage, DNA fragmentation, increase of G0/G1 phase cells, up-regulation of Bax regulators and p53 dependent apoptosis are significant. It is high time for scientists to initiate more trails using honey and its phytochemicals against some immune-deficient animal models of colon cancer and in low-and high-risk human individuals to validate honey as a mighty sword against colon cancer. This review promulgates honey and its phytochemicals as candidates in colon cancer prevention. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONColon cancer is the third largest cause of cancer death worldwide. The standard chemotherapeutic agents are usually noneffective in the latter stages of cancer. As colorectal cancer is more prone to the diet consumed, scientists have explored many dietary compounds to treat this particular type of cancer. In our review, we highlight the effect of honey and its phenolic constituents against the colon cancer cells. Various, in vitro experiments done are enlisted. This review also emphasis the need of numerous studies that are needed to be initiated to explore the anticancer effect of crude honey specifically. As honey is one of the ingredients used in daily life, honey can also be used in chemoprevention against colon cancer.

Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Profile of Selected Organic and Conventional Honeys from Poland

“…The present study has confirmed earlier findings about honey composition and its link to the floral source, geographical origin, and climatic conditions, not only with the antioxidant activity [15][16][17][18] but also with their characteristic phenolic profile.…”

“…Nonetheless, honey can contain some variety-specific compounds that may be used as markers of their botanical origin [3,14]. Hence, the floral source, along with the geographical origin and climatic conditions, influence antioxidant properties of honey [15][16][17][18]. Consequently, the properties of the same variety of honey might be different in the diverse regions of the world.…”

The role of omega-3 fatty acids in skeletal muscle anabolism, strength, and function in healthy and diseased states

“…In addition to the more widely used proteins and/or amino acids supplementations for stimulation of muscle mass, the use of other nutrients such as LCn-3PUFAs supplements has been considerably promising in maintaining and/or recovering lost muscle mass under various physio- The exact mechanisms by which LCn-3PUFAs influence muscle protein synthesis, strength, and function are still largely unknown (Ewaschuk, Almasud, & Mazurak, 2014;Smith et al, 2011aSmith et al, , 2011b), but the available evidence suggests it may be multifaceted including anti- 2005) are all linked to heightened inflammatory activity (Degens, 2010;Jeschke et al, 2007;McMillan, 2009;Subramanian et al, 2016). Specific LCn-3PUFAs; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahaexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) are also suggested to simulate skeletal muscle anabolic processes directly through mediation of the mTORC1-p70S6K1 signaling pathway (Gingras et al, 2007;Novak & Innis, 2012;Smith et al, 2011aSmith et al, , 2011b.…”

“…The exact mechanisms by which LC n ‐3PUFAs influence muscle protein synthesis, strength, and function are still largely unknown (Ewaschuk, Almasud, & Mazurak, ; Smith et al, , ), but the available evidence suggests it may be multifaceted including anti‐inflammatory actions, direct stimulation of muscle protein synthesis via signal transduction pathways such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and increasing membrane fluidity. LC n ‐3PUFAs possess anti‐inflammatory properties (Fetterman & Zdanowicz, ; H. J. Lee, Jung, Cho, & Hwang, ; K. T. Lee, Akoh, & Dawe, ), which are exerted in both healthy and disease conditions (L. E. Robinson & Mazurak, ), and which are thought to play a role in muscle protein metabolism (Smith et al, ), since muscle loss‐inducing conditions such as cancer, injury, and aging (Casperson, Sheffield‐Moore, Hewlings, & Paddon‐Jones, ; Murphy, Mourtzakis, Chu, Reiman, & Mazurak, ; C. Pereira, Murphy, Jeschke, & Herndon, ) are all linked to heightened inflammatory activity (Degens, ; Jeschke et al, ; McMillan, ; Subramanian et al, ). Specific LC n ‐3PUFAs; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n ‐3) and docosahaexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n ‐3) are also suggested to simulate skeletal muscle anabolic processes directly through mediation of the mTORC1‐p70S6K1 signaling pathway (Gingras et al, ; Novak & Innis, ; Smith et al, , ).…”

Molecular targets of honey bee’s products in cancer prevention and treatment

“…The honey bee's products include various sugars, proteins, minerals, flavonoids, phenolic acids and enzymes (9). Polyphenols such as flavonoids and phenolic acids in honey are considered as the main factors responsible for the anticancer properties of honey (10). The molecular mechanisms of honey bee's products include oncogenes inhibition, pro-apoptotic factor activation, DNA repair proteins activation, tumor necrosis factors stimulation as well as other specific molecular targets.…”