Homogeneous and heterogeneous sulfonation of polymers: A review

Abstract

Technical Universlty B mV e s h k a 230,637 1 1 Bmo Czech RepublicThis paper reviews the various reactions used to sulfonate polymers, especially polystyrene. The mechanisms for the sulfonation of low molar mass compounds are also 13scussed. The commonly used sulfonation reagents are described, with an emphasis on SO, and its physical and chemical properties. Polymer sulfonations can be grouped into two general routes: one involving homogeneous sulfonation and t h e other heterogeneous reactions.

Removal of Zn 2+ and Pb 2+ ions from aqueous solution using sulphonated waste polystyrene

“…New peaks were also observed at wavenumbers approximately from 800 to 830 cm À1 . These absorbances show the CÀ ÀS bonding of sulphonic groups to the aromatic group of the polystyrene [26]. This is because of out of plane deformation bands assigned to substituted aromatic ring.…”

Use of sulfonation procedure for the development of thermally stabilized isotactic polypropylene fibers prior to carbonization

“…In the case of aromatic compounds, the sulfonation reaction is known to proceed relatively easier than the aliphatic compounds despite the fact that the dissociation energy of CAH bond is higher in aromatic (428 kJ/ mol) than in aliphatic (374-384 kJ/mol) compounds. 67 It is clear that a maximum of three sulfonic acid groups (AHSO 3 ) may be linked to one carbon atom of the aliphatic chain whereas only one sulfonic acid group may be linked to the carbon atom of the aromatic ring. In terms of the sulfonation mechanism, the sulfonation reaction proceeds through electrophilic addition of SO 3 to C¼ ¼C bonds in the case of fully aromatic compounds.…”

Partially Sulfonated Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Induced Enhancements of Properties and DMFC Performance of Nafion Electrolyte Membrane

“…However, in case of SPN-6, the intensity of the abovementioned peak (i.e. the peak at 3,494 cm -1 ) exhibited a decrease, which may be a consequence of (a) partial interactive linking of -SO 3 H groups via formation of covalently bonded links between two sulfone (O=S=O) groups present in -SO 3 H (Figure 3), and/or (b) formation of H-bonds between two -SO 3 H groups; and thereby, resulting in a simultaneous reduction in the number of free -OH groups of -SO 3 H [39][40][41][42][43]. Infact, polymers sulfonated using CSA are known to exhibit a certain degree of cross-linking [44].…”