“…To understand better the role of a bird's sense of smell, olfaction has been experimentally impaired either by sectioning the olfactory nerve (Papi et al, 1972;Balthazart & Schoeffeniels, 1979;Cohen, 1981;Hirao, Aoyama & Sugita, 2009) or by temporary impairment, for example, with zinc sulphate solutions (Benvenuti et al, 1992;Benvenuti & Gagliardo, 1996;Holland et al, 2009;Gagliardo et al, 2013;Caspers, Gagliardo & Krause, 2015a). These experiments yielded evidence for the involvement of olfaction in the parenting behaviour of ring doves Streptopelia risoria (Cohen, 1981), in navigation, homing behaviour and migratory orientation of pigeons Columba livia, Cory's shearwaters Calonectris diomedea borealis and catbirds Dumetella carolinensis (Papi et al, 1972;Benvenuti et al, 1992;Benvenuti & Gagliardo, 1996;Holland et al, 2009;Gagliardo et al, 2013) and in the reproduction and mating behaviour of ducks and chickens Gallus gallus domesticus (Balthazart & Schoefeniels, 1979;Hirao et al, 2009) as well as zebra finches (Caspers et al, 2015a). Steiger et al (2008) showed that in nine bird species the majority of amplified olfactory receptor (OR) sequences are from potentially functional genes.…”