Homicide Risk Across Race and Class: A Small-Area Analysis in Massachusetts and Rhode Island

Gjelsvik, Annie; Zierler, Sally; Blume, Jeffery

doi:10.1093/jurban/jth152

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…12 Individuals living in disadvantaged neighborhoods often work in low wage jobs with less autonomy and control over their work, and problem drinking might be less tolerated in such work environments. 61 Because crime rates are higher in disadvantaged neighborhoods than in more affluent neighborhoods, [62][63][64][65] individuals living in disadvantaged neighborhoods are also more likely to come in contact with local police. This is particularly true for African Americans who are about one and half times (1.4) times more likely than their White peers to be detained by the police.…”

Section: Path Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Disadvantage, High Alcohol Content Beverage Consumption, Drinking Norms, and Drinking Consequences: A Mediation Analysis

Jones‐Webb

Karriker‐Jaffe

2013

J Urban Health

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Alcohol use can cause significant harm. We examined the relationships between neighborhood disadvantage, consumption of high-alcohol-content beverages (HACB), drinking norms, and self-reported drinking consequences using data from the 2000 and 2005 National Alcohol Surveys (N09,971 current drinkers) and the 2000 Decennial Census. We hypothesized that (1) individuals living in disadvantaged neighborhoods would report more negative drinking consequences than individuals living in more affluent neighborhoods, and (2) this relationship would be mediated by HACB consumption and pro-drunkenness drinking norms. Neighborhood disadvantage was based on a composite measure of socioeconomic indicators from the 2000 Decennial Census (five-item composite, alpha00.89). We measured high alcohol content beverage consumption in terms of whether respondents engaged in frequent or heavy consumption of malt liquor, fortified wine, or distilled spirits/liquor. The outcome was a dichotomous indicator of two or more of 15 past-year social, legal, work, and health consequences. Simultaneous, multivariate path modeling tested direct and indirect effects of neighborhood disadvantage, HACB consumption, and prodrunkenness norms on consequences. Individuals living in disadvantaged neighborhoods reported significantly more negative drinking consequences than individuals living in more affluent neighborhoods. Consumption of high-alcoholcontent beverages and pro-drunkenness norms did not mediate this relationship. However, heavy distilled spirits/liquor use was a significant mediator of other neighborhood characteristics (i.e., percent African American). Living in an African American neighborhood was related to increased spirits/liquor consumption and, in turn, reporting more negative drinking consequences. Greater scrutiny of advertising and tax policies related to distilled spirits/liquor is needed to prevent future drinking problems, especially in minority neighborhoods.

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Section: Path Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Disadvantage, High Alcohol Content Beverage Consumption, Drinking Norms, and Drinking Consequences: A Mediation Analysis

Jones‐Webb

Karriker‐Jaffe

2013

J Urban Health

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“…2 Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood, defined using census indicators of deprivation, has been associated with a variety of health behaviors such as gambling 3 and perinatal substance use 4 as well as health intermediates, including late stage cancer diagnoses, 5,6 pediatric injury, 7 partner violence, 8 and violent injuries to women. 9 Living in deprived neighborhood environments has further been associated with health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, [10][11][12][13] acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) incidence, 14 breast cancer incidence, 15 homicide risk, 16 and excess mortality. 17 Research in perinatal health demonstrates modest but consistent effects of neighborhood-level socioeconomic disparities in key pregnancy outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of a Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index

et al. 2006

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Census data are widely used for assessing neighborhood socioeconomic context. Research using census data has been inconsistent in variable choice and usually limited to single geographic areas. This paper seeks to a) outline a process for developing a neighborhood deprivation index using principal components analysis and b) demonstrate an example of its utility for identifying contextual variables that are associated with perinatal health outcomes across diverse geographic areas. Year 2000 U.S. Census and vital records birth data (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001) were merged at the census tract level for 19 cities (located in three states) and five suburban counties (located in three states), which were used to create eight study areas within four states. Census variables representing five socio-demographic domains previously associated with health outcomes, including income/poverty, education, employment, housing, and occupation, were empirically summarized using principal components analysis. The resulting first principal component, hereafter referred to as neighborhood deprivation, accounted for 51 to 73% of the total variability across eight study areas. Component loadings were consistent both within and across study areas (0.2-0.4), suggesting that each variable contributes approximately equally to Bdeprivation^across diverse geographies. The deprivation index was associated with the unadjusted prevalence of preterm birth and low birth weight for white non-Hispanic and to a lesser extent for black non-Hispanic women across the eight sites. The high correlations between census variables, the inherent multidimensionality of constructs like neighborhood deprivation, and the observed associations with birth outcomes suggest the utility of using a deprivation, index for research into neighborhood effects on adverse birth outcomes.

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“…However, few ecological studies have tested this hypothesis using homicide victimization data. [9][10][11][12][13] Gjelsvik and colleagues 9 investigated the effects of residential neighborhood level social and economic conditions on the risk of homicide victimization and found that the relative difference in homicide risk among African-American, Hispanic, and Caucasian men was attenuated when census block socioeconomic characteristics were considered (e.g., percent female head of household, percent unemployed, and percent low education). Using data from the 1990 Census, Phillips 13 analyzed the contribution of various neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics in explaining racial/ethnic differences in homicide victimization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 Second, ecological studies of homicide victimization using multilevel data are based on the location of the victim's residence rather than on the location where the homicide occurred, which may not be the same. 9,10,14 We investigated how neighborhood level socioeconomic characteristics associated with social disadvantage explain racial/ethnic homicide gaps in 10 U.S. cities. The test hypotheses were that (1) higher neighborhood concentrations of African-Americans and Hispanics would be associated with higher homicide rates and (2) the relationship between neighborhood racial/ethnic concentration and homicide would be attenuated after adjusting for neighborhood characteristics such as unemployment rate, percent persons with less than a high school education, median household income, and percent female head of household (i.e., female headship).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Racial/Ethnic Concentration, Social Disadvantage, and Homicide Risk: An Ecological Analysis of 10 U.S. Cities

Jones‐Webb

Wall

2008

J Urban Health

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Homicide is one of the leading causes of death among African-American and Hispanic men. We investigated how neighborhood characteristics associated with social disadvantage explain racial/ethnic homicide gaps in 10 U.S. cities. The test hypotheses were that (1) higher concentrations of African-Americans and Hispanics would be associated with higher homicide rates and (2) the relationship between racial/ethnic concentration and homicide would be attenuated after adjusting for neighborhood characteristics (e.g., unemployment, median household income, low educational attainment, and female headship). The test hypotheses were examined using separate Poisson regression models, which adjusted for spatial autocorrelation. Homicide rates were greater in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of African-Americans and Hispanics than in other groups, and the association of neighborhood racial/ethnic concentration with homicide was reduced after adjusting for neighborhood social disadvantage variables, especially percent female head of household and percent persons with less than a high school education. We also found that the relationship between neighborhood racial/ethnic concentration and homicide was explained more by social disadvantage variables in some cities than in others. Based on our findings, policy makers may wish to consider implementation of policies that (1) expand early childhood education programs and higher education opportunities and (2) encourage economic and community development initiatives in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods.

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Homicide Risk Across Race and Class: A Small-Area Analysis in Massachusetts and Rhode Island

Cited by 15 publications

References 46 publications

Neighborhood Disadvantage, High Alcohol Content Beverage Consumption, Drinking Norms, and Drinking Consequences: A Mediation Analysis

Neighborhood Disadvantage, High Alcohol Content Beverage Consumption, Drinking Norms, and Drinking Consequences: A Mediation Analysis

The Development of a Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index

Neighborhood Racial/Ethnic Concentration, Social Disadvantage, and Homicide Risk: An Ecological Analysis of 10 U.S. Cities

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