Homestead‐ and community‐scale multiple‐use water services: unlocking new investment opportunities to achieve the Millennium development Goals

Koppen, Barbara van; Smits, Stef; Mikhail, Monique

doi:10.1002/ird.486

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Increasingly in many cities, they use available water supplies for small-scale agriculture, the harvest either consumed or sold primarily to purchase food ( Kutiwa et al 2010 ). Rural households employ water from domestic sources for food production in kitchen gardens, supplementing what they are able to access from irrigation and enhancing food security ( van Koppen et al 2009 ). When water supply interventions increase people’s access to water, the impact on diarrhoea via improved nutrition may be difficult to disentangle from that due to increased water consumption.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The endpoint of more realistic operational evaluations and more comprehensive SRs must be to support the development of interventions better able to contribute to people’s health and wellbeing. Implementers and stakeholders should be able to draw from these sources and experience in related contexts such as local management of irrigation systems ( Meinzen-Dick and van der Hoek 2001 ; van Koppen et al 2009 ) guidance on how the agency of beneficiaries and communities can be enlisted, from the design stage, and how their pursuit of multiple benefits can be accommodated. The institutional changes needed to achieve this should be illustrated, clarifying the choices available to governments and funders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A dependable and safe water supply in or near the home allows more time for pursuits such as education, income generation, child care and leisure—women and girls often benefiting the most ( Blum et al 1990 ). Improved water supply is commonly used by householders to irrigate kitchen gardens or for other productive enterprises, enhancing income and food security ( Nicol 2000 ; van Koppen et al 2009 ). Poor households gaining access to a reliable public supply avoid the often exorbitant price they face for private provisioning and can divert the savings to food and other essentials ( Galiani et al 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The cost of a knowledge silo: a systematic re-review of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions

Loevinsohn

Mehta

Cuming

et al. 2014

Health Policy and Planning

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Divisions between communities, disciplinary and practice, impede understanding of how complex interventions in health and other sectors actually work and slow the development and spread of more effective ones. We test this hypothesis by re-reviewing a Cochrane-standard systematic review (SR) of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions’ impact on child diarrhoea morbidity: can greater understanding of impacts and how they are achieved be gained when the same papers are reviewed jointly from health and development perspectives? Using realist review methods, researchers examined the 27 papers for evidence of other impact pathways operating than assumed in the papers and SR. Evidence relating to four questions was judged on a scale of likelihood. At the ‘more than possible’ or ‘likely’ level, 22% of interventions were judged to involve substantially more actions than the SR’s label indicated; 37% resulted in substantial additional impacts, beyond reduced diarrhoea morbidity; and unforeseen actions by individuals, households or communities substantially contributed to the impacts in 48% of studies. In 44%, it was judged that these additional impacts and actions would have substantially affected the intervention’s effect on diarrhoea morbidity. The prevalence of these impacts and actions might well be found greater in studies not so narrowly selected. We identify six impact pathways suggested by these studies that were not considered by the SR: these are tentative, given the limitations of the literature we reviewed, but may help stimulate wider review and primary evaluation efforts. This re-review offers a fuller understanding of the impacts of these interventions and how they are produced, pointing to several ways in which investments might enhance health and wellbeing. It suggests that some conclusions of the SR and earlier reviews should be reconsidered. Moreover, it contributes important experience to the continuing debate on appropriate methods to evaluate and synthesize evidence on complex interventions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The cost of a knowledge silo: a systematic re-review of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions

Loevinsohn

Mehta

Cuming

et al. 2014

Health Policy and Planning

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“…Short format census questions may also not capture the use of multiple water sources for different domestic purposes [ 47 ]. Similarly, the difficulties with the ‘improved’/‘unimproved’ classification of water and sanitation types are also well recognised, given the classification’s failure to account for the quality and quantity of water supplied [ 48 , 49 ] as well as affordability and sustainability issues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cross-sectional ecological study of spatial scale and geographic inequality in access to drinking-water and sanitation

Bain

Mansour

et al. 2014

Int J Equity Health

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IntroductionMeasuring inequality in access to safe drinking-water and sanitation is proposed as a component of international monitoring following the expiry of the Millennium Development Goals. This study aims to evaluate the utility of census data in measuring geographic inequality in access to drinking-water and sanitation.MethodsSpatially referenced census data were acquired for Colombia, South Africa, Egypt, and Uganda, whilst non-spatially referenced census data were acquired for Kenya. Four variants of the dissimilarity index were used to estimate geographic inequality in access to both services using large and small area units in each country through a cross-sectional, ecological study.ResultsInequality was greatest for piped water in South Africa in 2001 (based on 53 areas (N) with a median population (MP) of 657,015; D = 0.5599) and lowest for access to an improved water source in Uganda in2008 (N = 56; MP = 419,399; D = 0.2801). For sanitation, inequality was greatest for those lacking any facility in Kenya in 2009 (N = 158; MP = 216,992; D = 0.6981), and lowest for access to an improved facility in Uganda in 2002 (N = 56; MP = 341,954; D = 0.3403). Although dissimilarity index values were greater for smaller areal units, when study countries were ranked in terms of inequality, these ranks remained unaffected by the choice of large or small areal units. International comparability was limited due to definitional and temporal differences between censuses.ConclusionsThis five-country study suggests that patterns of inequality for broad regional units do often reflect inequality in service access at a more local scale. This implies household surveys designed to estimate province-level service coverage can provide valuable insights into geographic inequality at lower levels. In comparison with household surveys, censuses facilitate inequality assessment at different spatial scales, but pose challenges in harmonising water and sanitation typologies across countries.

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“…This calls for differentiated and context-specific responses such as multiple-use services, payment for environmental services, or more user-oriented actions (Figure 4) (Rubiano et al, 2006;van Koppen et al, 2009).…”

Section: Poverty and Poverty Alleviationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of water management for global food production and poverty alleviation

Schultz

Tardieu

Vidal³

2009

Irrigation and Drainage

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In the coming 25-30 years global food production will have to be doubled in order to maintain food security at the global level. With respect to this to a certain extent the advantage is that food prices have increased over the past seven to eight years, and especially during the past two years. This may put farmers who are able to sell at least a certain part of their harvest in a better position, provided that the increase in production costs is at a lower level. On the other hand it puts the poor people in the cities of the emerging and least developed countries in an increasingly complicated situation as it will require more of them to remain able to purchase their food. In this paper we give a summarised overview of the role of water management for global food production and poverty alleviation. It turns out that to maintain food security in the near and medium-term future a substantially larger increase in production will be required than continuation of the present trend. While this is quite an effort, one may expect that at least for the near future the costs will remain at the present high level and that they may even increase further. Copyright RÉ SUMÉ D'ici 25 à 30 ans la production alimentaire mondiale devra doubler afin de maintenir la sécurité alimentaire au niveau mondial. Cet objectif est, dans une certaine mesure, facilité par l'augmentation des prix des produits alimentaires depuis sept à huit ans, en particulier au cours des deux dernières années. Cette situation est favorable à ceux des agriculteurs qui sont en mesure de vendre au moins une partie de leur récolte, à condition que l'augmentation des coûts de production reste plus faible que celle des prix. Mais c'est aussi une menace pour les pauvres des villes des pays émergents et les moins avancés car cela leur demande plus d'efforts pour acheter leur nourriture. Dans cet article nous donnons une vue d'ensemble du rôle de la gestion de l'eau pour la production alimentaire mondiale et la lutte contre la pauvreté. Il apparait que, pour maintenir la sécurité alimentaire à court et moyen terme, une croissance de la production est nécessaire, substantiellement plus importante que la croissance actuelle. Compte tenu de cet effort important, on doit s'attendre à ce que, au moins pour le proche avenir, les coûts restent au niveau élevé actuel et même continuent encore à augmenter.

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Homestead‐ and community‐scale multiple‐use water services: unlocking new investment opportunities to achieve the Millennium development Goals

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

The cost of a knowledge silo: a systematic re-review of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions

The cost of a knowledge silo: a systematic re-review of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions

A cross-sectional ecological study of spatial scale and geographic inequality in access to drinking-water and sanitation

Role of water management for global food production and poverty alleviation

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