HOMEOSTASIS, NEEDS AND VALUES<sup>1</sup>

Mace, C. A.

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1953.tb01199.x

Cited by 4 publications

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“…Mace (8) has developed some extensions of Cannon's theory of homeostasis; (1) what is maintained or restored is not so much an internal state of an organism as some relation of an organism to its environment, (2) discovery of new equalibria is a more apropos description than restoration of equilibrium, (3) in the end state of a goal-directed process something is discovered which has not been experienced before or new goals are created. In attention, tensions are set up when we are presented with something incomplete, unclear, or unfamiliar.…”

Section: Treatment Of Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A relativistic definition of stimulus-response.

Bigge¹

1955

Journal of Educational Psychology

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Stimulus and response are terms which have become deeply embedded in the vocabulary and the ideas of educational psychology. In recent years the ideas represented by these words often have been made to correspond to the concepts of cause and effect as used in the physical sciences. Psychologists, in their attempt to avoid assumption of any metaphysical purposiveness, have posited a mechanistic behavior devoid of purpose in any sense, teleological or otherwise.Current mechanistic educational psychology shows the influence of attempts to derive directed activities without assuming directed dynamic factors in human behavior. Behaviorists and connectionists have attempted by means of concepts, such as "goal gradient" or "law of effect," to recognize directed factors in behavior without surrendering a basically mechanistic position. Inasmuch as it is coming to be generally recognized, in educational psychology, that an atomistic stimulus-response idea is not adequate for describing human behavior, the tendency of many contemporary psychologists who continue to hold to a mechanistic outlook is to speak of "molar behavior" and of "total responses to patterns of stimulation." Educational psychologists may recognize behavior as molar, speak of situations and patterns of response, and emphasize "belongingness"; yet, as long as they maintain their allegiance to some modern version of associationism such as behaviorism or connectionism, they are clinging to a frame of reference fundamentally different from, and incompatible with, that of a truly relativistic field-theoretical approach.Gates states, "The term connection, bond or tendency, does not refer to any neurological concept or agent at all. It refers to a functional relation between a situation and a response. It refers to an observed phenomenon and implies no neurological correlate. It implies nothing except that there is an observed tendency for a situation to be followed by a response." (6) He later continues, 457

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Section: Treatment Of Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A relativistic definition of stimulus-response.

Bigge¹

1955

Journal of Educational Psychology

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“…But there are also similarities between Butler and Freud; Freud has been called 'Butler in fancy-dress', id, ego, and super-ego taking the place of particular impulses, the regulative principles of cool self-love and benevolence, and conscience, respectively. See Mace (1964), 105. 119 Sigmund Freud (1948c), 170.…”

Section: Charles Darwinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conscience and Conscientious Objections

Schinkel¹

2007

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Conscience and Conscientious ObjectionsThe publication of this book is made possible by grants from the Blaise Pascal Instituut, the Vrije Universiteit, and the department of Philosophy of the Vrije Universiteit. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. 'No, not as people used to think that God existed.' All one can do is to appeal to certain areas of experience, pointing out certain features, and using suitable metaphors and inventing suitable concepts where necessary to make these features visible." IRIS MURDOCH, "On God and Good" "[I]t seems to me impossible to discuss certain kinds of concept without resort to metaphor, since the concepts are themselves deeply metaphorical and cannot be analysed into non-metaphorical components without a loss of substance. Modern behaviouristic philosophy attempts such an analysis in the case of certain moral concepts, it seems to me without success." IRIS MURDOCH, "The Sovereignty of Good Over Other Concepts" PrefaceThanks are due to many people, without whose support (of whatever kind) I could not have written this book. First of all, I owe many thanks to my parents for the important part they played in the formation of my conscience. The first resource for a philosopher is his own experience. Therefore, it is fortunate (from an academic point of view, at least) that I am not too good a person, in which case I would have had much fewer experiences of conscience to work with; of course it is equally fortunate, for the same reason, that I am not too bad a person. Secondly, special thanks are due to Bert Musschenga, for his sympathetic support and gentle guidance, to my former 'roommates' Govert Buijs and Jos Kole for inspiring and interesting (dissertation-and non-dissertation-related) conversations, to Dick van Lente, Kees Schinkel and Willem Schinkel, for their important and helpful comments in various stages, to Eva Moraal, for listening and for simply being there, and further, for various reasons, to Jonathan Jacobs, Heinz Kittsteiner, Arend Soeteman, and Ben Vermeulen. Thirdly, I would like to thank Nynke Eringa-Boomgaardt for telling me her private story so candidly and for allowing me to use it in my dissertation, as well as the Dutch Minister of Defence for allowing me to make use of conscientious objector files from the Defence Archives. I am grateful to the staff at these archives in Kerkrade, who were extremely helpful. Thanks are due to everyone at Amsterdam University Press, but especially to Patrick Weening, for patiently making one pdf after another. Fourthly, I would like to thank everyone who contributed to this book in some other way: Jan Boersema, Jan Branssen, Patrick Delaere, Lasse Gerrits, Michel Heijdra, Lena Hoppe, Dorothee Horstkoet...

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