Home cage behavior and lead treatment in rhesus monkeys: A comparison with open-field behavior

Ferguson, Sherry A.; Medina, Ramon O.; Bowman, Robert E.

doi:10.1016/0892-0362(93)90073-w

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…They often scratch themselves or shift posture and then return to sleep (Erffmeyer, 1982). Monkeys in their home cages show six behaviors, viz inactivity, selfgrooming, environmental exploration, self-directed behavior, locomotion and vocalizations (Ferguson et al, 1993). Therefore, it is possible that toxicantinduced behavior may be incorporated into the overall repertoire of monkeys, since their home cage behaviors may reflect their health states and thus may serve as useful indicator of toxic symptoms when they are intoxicated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Home Cage Locomotion in Cynomolgus Monkeys

Kim

Han

2006

J. Toxicol. Sci.

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-The profiles of home cage locomotor activity and its rhythmicity were investigated using a camera system for 4 consecutive days in cynomolgus monkeys. Nine male and nine female cynomolgus monkeys were used in this study, and were found to have the same profile in nocturnal behavior in that they were mostly inactive during the night. The locomotor activity of both sexes showed a normal activity and inactivity rhythm, which had an inverse relationship between normal activity and inactivity, showing a fluctuation profile of being higher in the light cycle and lower in the dark cycle. The four-day locomotion time of the females was higher than that of the males in the dark period. The females also showed a higher locomotion count and D/L ratio in the dark period than the males during the 4 consecutive days. These findings indicate that the females have greater locomotor activity in the dark period than that of the males. The present findings may serve as useful basic data for the behavioral assessment of overall animal movements in toxicological studies using monkeys.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Home Cage Locomotion in Cynomolgus Monkeys

Kim

Han

2006

J. Toxicol. Sci.

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“…The monkeys were allowed to interact in the enclosure for 1 h, during which time they were observed and scored by using a standard ethographic program designed for rhesus macaques (Hypercard, 2.3) on a laptop computer (iBook G4; Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA). Similar ethograms have been used for behavioral toxicology studies (Ferguson et al, 1993). Behaviors were scored for frequency of occurrence during the testing period and for duration if applicable.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics and Behavioral Effects of an Extended-Release, Liposome-Encapsulated Preparation of Oxymorphone in Rhesus Macaques

Krugner‐Higby¹,

KuKanich²,

Schmidt³

et al. 2009

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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The objectives of the study were to determine the pharmacokinetics of oxymorphone (oxy) and of ammonium sulfateloaded, liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone (LE-ASG oxy) and to evaluate the behavioral effects of both opioid preparations by using ethographic evaluation specific to rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys (n ϭ 8) were injected with 2.0 mg/kg LE-ASG oxy s.c.. Blood samples were collected at serial time points up to 144 h in six monkeys and up to 456 h in two monkeys. Separate groups of monkeys were injected with 0.1 mg/kg oxy s.c. (n ϭ 4) or i.v. (n ϭ 5). Blood samples were collected at serial time points up to 24 h after injection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using commercially available software. Behavior was recorded in a different group of 10 monkeys administered LE-ASG oxy (2.0 mg/kg s.c.) or oxy (0.1 mg/kg s.c.) on separate occasions. Behavioral evaluations were made at serial time points while monkeys were in an extended cage with a compatible stimulus animal. Oxymorphone was rapidly eliminated from the serum in the oxy group. Measurable drug was present in serum for up to 4 h after oxy was administered subcutaneously or intravenously. LE-ASG oxy was present in serum in measurable concentrations for more than 2 weeks. Neither oxy nor LE-ASG oxy produced observable sedation. LE-ASG oxy decreased some environmentally directed behaviors, but this drug formulation increased watchfulness, decreased self-directed and elimination behaviors, increased nonspecific social contact, and decreased threat behaviors. LE-ASG oxy persisted for an extended period in rhesus monkey serum and produced behavioral changes consistent with this opioid.Most currently available opioids exhibit short in vivo halflives that require repeated dosing every few hours to maintain therapeutic blood concentrations and analgesic effects in laboratory animals (Hawk and Leary, 2005). Extended release opioid preparations have milder adverse effects, because there is less bolus release into the system after their administration than for the standard pharmaceutical preparations of the same drugs, and they can provide longer periods of analgesia Smith et al., 2003). The decreased adverse effects may be caused by lower peak drug concentrations and less fluctuation in serum concentrations over a dosing interval.Opioid drugs are known to produce similar physiologic and behavioral effects in human beings and nonhuman primates (Jaffe and Matin, 1985). Monkeys, especially rhesus macaques, are widely used in behavioral pharmacology and addiction research (Weerts et al., 2007). Behaviors exhibited in a novel environment and in a social context may identify more differences in behavioral repertoire than observations Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.150052.ABBREVIATIONS: LE-ASG oxy, ammonium sulfate gradient loaded liposomal oxymorphone; oxy, oxymorphone hydrochloride, standard pharmaceutical preparation; AUC 0-inf , the area under the curve from...

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“…The monkeys were allowed to interact in the enclosure for 1 h, during which they were observed and scored using a standard ethographic program designed for rhesus macaques (Hypercard, 2.3) on a lap top computer (Apple, iBook G4). This ethogram has been used previously in our laboratory and similar ethograms have been used to study the behavioral toxicology of lead exposure (Ferguson et al 1993; Krugner-Higby et al 2009). Behaviors were scored for frequency and duration if applicable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects of liposomal hydromorphone suitable for perioperative use in rhesus macaques

Krugner‐Higby¹,

KuKanich

Schmidt³

et al. 2011

Psychopharmacology

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Introduction This study aims to evaluate the pharmacokinetic, behavioral, and motor effects of a liposomal preparation of hydromorphone hydrochloride (LE-hydro) in rhesus monkeys. We administered either 2 mg/kg of LE-hydro (n=8) subcutaneous (s.c.) or 0.1 mg/kg of standard pharmaceutical hydromorphone HCl (hydro) preparation either intravenous (i.v.; n=4) or s.c. (n=5). Materials and methods Serial blood samples were drawn after injection and analyzed for serum hydro concentration by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Following s.c. injection of 0.1 mg/kg hydro or 2 mg/kg LE-hydro, behavioral evaluations were conducted in groups of rhesus monkeys (n=10/group) in the presence of a compatible stimulus animal and motor skills were also evaluated (n=10/group). The motor skills test consisted of removing a food reward (carrot ring) from either a straight peg (simple task) or a curved peg (difficult task). Results LE-hydro (MRT0-INF = 105.9 h) demonstrated extended-release pharmacokinetics compared to hydro when administered by either i.v. (MRT0-INF =1.1 h) or s.c. (MRT0-INF =1.3 h) routes. Hydro did not affect motor performance of the simpler task, but the monkeys’ performance deteriorated on the more difficult task at 0.5 and 1 h after injection. LE-hydro had no effect on motor skills in either the simpler or more difficult task. Conclusions The results of these studies indicate that LE-hydro has a pharmacokinetic and behavioral side effects profile consistent with an analgesic that could be tested for surgical use in animals. Our studies also expand the use of rhesus monkeys as a translational behavioral pharmacodynamics model for testing extended-release opioid medication.

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Home cage behavior and lead treatment in rhesus monkeys: A comparison with open-field behavior

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Characteristics of Home Cage Locomotion in Cynomolgus Monkeys

Characteristics of Home Cage Locomotion in Cynomolgus Monkeys

Pharmacokinetics and Behavioral Effects of an Extended-Release, Liposome-Encapsulated Preparation of Oxymorphone in Rhesus Macaques

Pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects of liposomal hydromorphone suitable for perioperative use in rhesus macaques

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