Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals?

Hutchinson, G. Evelyn

doi:10.1086/282070

Cited by 3,567 publications

(2,601 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Abrams, 1988)? On the other hand, if only the limiting resources are counted, their number often turns out to be too low to explain species diversity in a constant environment (Hutchinson, 1959). The classical continuous model (MacArthur and Levins, 1967) studies the partitioning of a continuous scale of resources, e.g.…”

Section: No 78 Hanski I Heino M: Metapopulation-level Adaptation Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Still, we do not expect an infinite number of species to coexist. The classical concept of "limiting similarity" (Hutchinson, 1959), based on the study of the Lotka-Volterra competition model (MacArthur and Levins, 1967), states that the resource scale is partitioned between the species. The width of the "resource utilization function" of a species is expected to set the width of a single partition, referred to as the "niche breadth".…”

Section: No 78 Hanski I Heino M: Metapopulation-level Adaptation Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Competitive exclusion and limiting similarity: A unified theory

Meszéna

Gyllenberg

Pásztor

et al. 2006

Theoretical Population Biology

222

279

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Section: No 78 Hanski I Heino M: Metapopulation-level Adaptation Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: No 78 Hanski I Heino M: Metapopulation-level Adaptation Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Competitive exclusion and limiting similarity: A unified theory

Meszéna

Gyllenberg

Pásztor

et al. 2006

Theoretical Population Biology

222

279

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“…Meeting this challenge is increasingly important, as understanding the mechanisms that control spatial variation in species richness may improve predictions of how biodiversity will respond to environmental change and help to deliver effective conservation (Kerr & Packer, 1999 ;Gaston, 2000 ;Mittelbach et al, 2001). That geographical variation in species richness correlates positively with energy availability was recognised in the 19th century (Wallace, 1878) and it has frequently been suggested that spatial variation in energy availability controls species richness (Hutchinson, 1959 ;Connell & Orias, 1964 ;Leigh, 1965 ;MacArthur & Pianka, 1966 ;Rohde, 1978;Schall & Pianka, 1978;Rickerson & Lum, 1980). Wright (1983) built upon such studies to propose the species-energy theory, that energy sets an upper limit to species richness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species–energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms

2005

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Correlations between the amount of energy received by an assemblage and the number of species that it contains are very general, and at the macro-scale such species-energy relationships typically follow a monotonically increasing curve. Whilst the ecological literature contains frequent reports of such relationships, debate on their causal mechanisms is limited and typically focuses on the role of energy availability in controlling the number of individuals in an assemblage. Assemblages from high-energy areas may contain more individuals enabling species to maintain larger, more viable populations, whose lower extinction risk elevates species richness. Other mechanisms have, however, also been suggested. Here we identify and clarify nine principal mechanisms that may generate positive species-energy relationships at the macro-scale. We critically assess their assumptions and applicability over a range of spatial scales, derive predictions for each and assess the evidence that supports or refutes them. Our synthesis demonstrates that all mechanisms share at least one of their predictions with an alternative mechanism. Some previous studies of species-energy relationships appear not to have recognised the extent of shared predictions, and this may detract from their contribution to the debate on causal mechanisms. The combination of predictions and assumptions made by each mechanism is, however, unique, suggesting that, in principle, conclusive tests are possible. Sufficient testing of all mechanisms has yet to be conducted, and no single mechanism currently has unequivocal support. Each may contribute to species-energy relationships in some circumstances, but some mechanisms are unlikely to act simultaneously. Moreover, a limited number appear particularly likely to contribute frequently to species-energy relationships at the macro-scale. The increased population size, niche position and diversification rate mechanisms are particularly noteworthy in this context.

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“…Their size ranges from tiny animals of c. 0.3 mm body length (Ptiliidae) to ‗giants' of almost 18 cm (Titanus giganteus, the giant Amazonian longhorn beetle). This extraordinary diversity has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists and systematists (Hutchinson, 1959;Crowson, 1960Crowson, , 1981Farrell, 1998;Hunt et al, 2007), who have frequently built phylogenies of Coleoptera with mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences for estimating the dates of evolutionary events. However, there is rarely enough fossil, geological or biogeographical evidence for node calibration, and many studies rely on molecular clocks with the ‗standard' arthropod nucleotide substitution rate of 1.15% substitutions per million years (MY) or 2.3% sequence divergences per MY between species (Brower, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleotide substitution rates for the full set of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in Coleoptera

Pons

Ribera

Bertranpetit

et al. 2010

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

148

120

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The ages of cladogenetic events in Coleoptera are frequently estimated with mitochondrial protein coding genes (MPCGs) and the -standard‖ mitochondrial nucleotide substitution rate for arthropods. This rate has been used for different mitochondrial gene combinations and time scales despite it was estimated on short mitochondrial sequences from few comparisons of close related species. These shortcomings may cause greater impact at deep phylogenetic levels as errors in rates and ages increase with branch lengths. We use the full set of MPCGs of 15 species of beetles (two of them newly sequenced here) to estimate the nucleotide evolutionary rates in a reconstructed phylogeny among suborders, paying special attention to the effect of data partitioning and model choices on these estimations. The optimal strategy for nucleotide data, as measured with Bayes factors, was partitioning by codon position. This retrieved Adephaga as a sister group to Myxophaga with strong support (expected likelihood weights test 0.94-1) and both sisters to Polyphaga, in contradiction with the most currently accepted views. The hypothesis of Archostermata being sister to the remaining Coleoptera, which is in agreement with morphology, was increasingly supported when third codon sites were recoded or completely removed, sequences were analyzed as AA, and heterogeneous models were implemented but the support levels remained low. Nucleotide substitution rates were strongly affected by the choice of data partitioning (codon position versus individual genes), with up to sixfold levels of variation, whereas differences in the molecular clock algorithm produced changes of only about 20%. The global mitochondrial protein coding rate using codon partitioning and an estimated age of 250 million years (MY) for the origin of the Coleoptera was 1.34% per branch per MY, which closely matches the ‗standard' clock of 1.15% per MY. The estimation of the rates on alternative topologies gave similar results. Using local molecular clocks, the evolutionary rate in the Polyphaga and Archostemata was estimated to be nearly twice as fast as in the Adephaga and Myxophaga (1.03% versus 0.53% per MY). Rates across individual genes varied from 0.55% to 8.61% per MY. Our results suggest that cox1 might not be an optimal gene for implementing molecular clocks in deep phylogenies for beetles because it shows relatively slow rates at first and second codon positions but very fast rates at third ones. In contrast, nad5, nad4 and nad2 perform better, as they exhibit more homogeneous rates among codon positions.

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Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals?

Cited by 3,567 publications

References 18 publications

Competitive exclusion and limiting similarity: A unified theory

Competitive exclusion and limiting similarity: A unified theory

Species–energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms

Nucleotide substitution rates for the full set of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in Coleoptera

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