Holocene coastal dune initiation in Northumberland and Norfolk, eastern UK: climate and sea-level changes as possible forcing agents for dune initiation

Abstract

Relative sea-level (RSL) control on dune initiation during the Holocene is examined in the context of chronostratigraphies established from 43 vibracores through dunes and into sub-dune sediments taken from the Northumberland and Norfolk (UK) coasts. The chronology is based on 23 accelerated mass spectroscopy and conventional 14C dates, and 37 infra-red-stimulated luminescence dates. The oldest dunes in Northumberland are c.4cal, kaBP with phases of dune development at 2.8 and 1.5-1kaBP. Most dune deposition is of last millennium age, with a concentration, especially in Norfolk, around 500-200 a BP. The initiation and survival of coastal dune sequences relate to macroscale RSL changes over the last 4 ka. Northumberland dunes reflect a gradient of RSL change from a northern RSL fall (forced regression) through to a southern RSL rise (normal regression through sediment supply). The north Norfolk coast has been dominated by a rising RSL through the Holocene, though associated with a sediment supply sufficient to offset the transgressive tendency and allow normal regressive deposition at numerous positions along the coast over the last 1 ka. It is suggested that the development of Little Ice Age (LIA) dunes in both Norfolk and Northumberland identifies the onset of specific conditions in which intertidal sediment sources were exposed (falling sea-level) to onshore winds (LIA circulation changes), which reflect a brief west North Sea period in dune initiation and deposition rates. A comparison of this consolidated dune chronology with statements of RSL elevation and climate conditions in the last 2.5 ka leads to some recognition of RSL fall preceding major dune building in two phases post 1.5 ka BP and post 0.6 ka BP.

Morphodynamics of beach/dune systems: examples from the coast of France

“…On west European coasts, dating of late Holocene sand sequences shows a significant agreement with reported wind intensification and sand mobilisation during and after the cooler period of the 'Little Ice Age' (Wintle et al, 1998;Orford et al, 2000;Clarke et al, 2002). Today the dune is in retreat.…”

Centennial climate variability in the British Isles during the mid–late Holocene

“…Dune formation in earlier periods is less well constrained and conflicting between locations. The earlier periods of dune formation (2800 and 4000 cal yr BP) on the east coast of England are tentatively identified by Orford et al (2000) on the basis of a small number of age estimates. The enhanced activity during the periods 3800-3300 cal yr BP in the Outer…”

Coastal resilience and late Holocene tidal inlet history: The evolution of Dungeness Foreland and the Romney Marsh depositional complex (U.K.)

“…Although there is little evidence for a period of enhanced storms during the Roman period, studies elsewhere suggest an increase in dune formation (e.g. Tooley, 1990;Orford et al, 2000) during the Medieval Warm Period, when the Rye and Romney inlets developed. However, the latter provide, at best, loose chronological correlatives to the c. 1300 cal.…”