Hollow microspherical carbazole-based conjugated polymers by photoinduced step-growth polymerization

Celiker, Tugba; Suerkan, Ali; Altınışık, Sinem; Akgün, Mert; Koyuncu, Sermet; Yaǧcı, Yusuf

doi:10.1039/d1py00822f

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The relatively low surface area observed with PVPC-PC may be due to closure of nanopores during self-assembled microsphere formation. 48 This behavior is further supported by the porous surface of PVPC-PCX observed in TEM results. These results are in agreement with those reported for carbazole-based polymers.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…At the CV voltammogram of PVPC, the oxidation potential is observed at 1.37 V with a negative shift due to the increased interaction of the electroactive carbazole units in the polymer side group. As a result of the carbazole–carbazole coupling at the 3,6-positions, two reversible oxidation waves were observed corresponding to the polaronic and bipolaronic species of the branched structure . Moreover, the onset potential decreased about 0.14 V compared to PVPC due to the increased conjugation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, after the dedoping process, the dark blue color of the PVPC-PC solution was bleached. 48 When VPC and PVPC were excited at their absorption maxima, they showed a broad fluorescence band between 400 and 700 nm centered at about 500 nm (Figure 2). The photoluminescence spectra of PVPC exhibited a blue-shift of approximately 10 nm.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of the carbazole−carbazole coupling at the 3,6positions, two reversible oxidation waves were observed corresponding to the polaronic and bipolaronic species of the branched structure. 48 Moreover, the onset potential decreased about 0.14 V compared to PVPC due to the increased conjugation. Furthermore, the reduction of the PF 6 − doped polymer was recorded at −0.85 V during cathodic scan.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This band was fully quenched after the dedoping process. In addition, after the dedoping process, the dark blue color of the PVPC-PC solution was bleached …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sequential and Simultaneous Photoinduced Radical and Step-Growth Polymerizations of Carbazole Functional Styrene

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Photoinduced radical and step-growth polymerizations of carbazole functional styrene (vinyl phenyl carbazole, VPC) by sequential and one-pot strategies have been investigated. The obtained polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, GPC, UV–Vis, PL, CV, and BET analyses. The theoretical charge distribution and HOMO–LUMO calculation by DFT were well-matched with those obtained from optical and electrochemical measurements. In the sequential approach, visible light-induced free-radical photopolymerization of VPC by using bisacyl phosphineoxide results in the formation of linear polymers with side-chain carbazole moieties. The resulting polymers exhibit a smooth surface as a consequence of decreasing crystallinity. As evidenced by TEM analysis, the subsequent photoiniated step-growth polymerization of the carbazole groups by using diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPI) yields hyperbranched and cross-linked polymers with the microspheres on the surface. In the one-pot approach, concomitant photoinitiated free-radical and step-growth polymerizations by using DPI results in the formation of cross-linked polymers with dispersed distribution. The total nitrogen uptake of VPC-based polymers by using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was found to be between about 150 and 190 m2/g at 77 K.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This band was fully quenched after the dedoping process. In addition, after the dedoping process, the dark blue color of the PVPC-PC solution was bleached …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sequential and Simultaneous Photoinduced Radical and Step-Growth Polymerizations of Carbazole Functional Styrene

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Photoinduced Controlled/Living Polymerizations

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The application of photochemistry in polymer synthesis is of interest due to the unique possibilities offered compared to thermochemistry, including topological and temporal control, rapid polymerization, sustainable low‐energy processes, and environmentally benign features leading to established and emerging applications in adhesives, coatings, adaptive manufacturing, etc. In particular, the utilization of photochemistry in controlled/living polymerizations often offers the capability for precise control over the macromolecular structure and chain length in addition to the associated advantages of photochemistry. Herein, the latest developments in photocontrolled living radical and cationic polymerizations and their combinations for application in polymer syntheses are discussed. This Review summarizes and highlights recent studies in the emerging area of photoinduced controlled/living polymerizations. A discussion of mechanistic details highlights differences as well as parallels between different systems for different polymerization methods and monomer applicability.

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Photoinduced Controlled/Living Polymerizations

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Hollow microspherical carbazole-based conjugated polymers by photoinduced step-growth polymerization

Abstract: A new photochemical approach for the synthesis of metal-free three-dimensional hollow spherical conjugated polymers is described. Irradiation of solutions containing specially designed monomer, namely 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP) possessing both carbazole and...

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

Sequential and Simultaneous Photoinduced Radical and Step-Growth Polymerizations of Carbazole Functional Styrene

Sequential and Simultaneous Photoinduced Radical and Step-Growth Polymerizations of Carbazole Functional Styrene

Photoinduced Controlled/Living Polymerizations

Photoinduced Controlled/Living Polymerizations

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