Hollow‐fibre supported liquid membrane extraction for determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentration at ultra trace level in sewage samples

Abstract

In this study, a method was developed for determining the concentration of the pharmaceutical fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in sewage water samples. Sample preparation was performed by hollow-fibre supported liquid membrane (HF-SLM) extraction with final analysis using liquid chromatography with UV detection. Several parameters were studied including type of organic solvent, sample and acceptor pH, and salt and humic acid content. The optimised method allowed determination of the analyte at the ng/L level in sewage water. A linear plot gave a correlation coefficient better than 0.991 for both analytes and resulted in limits of detection in sewage water of 11 and 12 ng/L, for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, respectively. The enrichment factor was over 1700 for both analytes in sewage water. The repeatability and reproducibility were better than 8% and 17%, respectively. The developed methodology was used to study daily variations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in municipal sewage streams. Norfluoxetine has been detected for the first time in sewage water and a preliminary analysis gave average concentrations of 150 and 225 ng/L for norfluoxetine and fluoxetine, respectively.

Determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in sewage sludge by direct hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…As the analytes end up in an aqueous solution, liquid chromatography can be applied for the analysis. There are several applications of the determination of NSAIDs and other drugs in wastewater using this technique [5,[27][28][29][30][31]. To the best of our knowledge, the use of HF-LPME for the direct determination of NSAIDs in sewage sludge has not been reported.…”

A specific, highly enriching and “green” method for hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction of ionizable pharmaceuticals from fish tissue

“…Using DHE as an organic phase has previously been optimized for both NSAIDs 28 and SSRIs. 33 Aerwards, fresh acceptor uid was pushed through the ber and the ends were sealed using an electric soldering iron (WECP-20, Weller, Besigheim, Germany). Before placing the ber into the 50 mL donor, i.e.…”

Optimization of a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method followed by UHPLC analysis for fluoxetine quantification in environmental water resources

“…In order to demonstrate the advantages of the methodology proposed in this study, Table is presented for comparison of the method developed with other methods available in literature for extraction and quantification of FLX in water samples. It is important to highlight that several papers are available for extraction and quantification of FLX in biological samples, such as blood and urine, but extraction from water matrix are rarer.…”