Hollow fiber based liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction combined with sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the sensitive determination of second-generation antidepressants in human fluids

Abstract

An effective dual preconcentration method involving off-line hollow fiber liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (HF-LLLME) and on-line sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (sweeping-MEKC) was proposed for the determination of five second-generation antidepressants, including fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine and citalopram. In HF-LLLME, the analytes were extracted from the sample solution into phenetole impregnated in the pores of the hollow fiber and then back-extracted into 10 μL 0.1 mol L(-1) HAc inside the hollow fiber. Then, the acceptor phase was spiked with 2.8 μL isopropanol (IPA) and introduced into CE for sweeping. In the sweeping-MEKC process, five target analytes were separated in less than 15 min with a background electrolyte consisting of 76% (v/v) 50 mmol L(-1) citric acid (pH 2.2) containing 100 mmol L(-1) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 24% (v/v) IPA. The hydrodynamic injection was performed at 50 mbar for 140 s. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection were in the range of 0.40-1.55 μg L(-1) with enrichment factors of 1897- to 5952-fold for target analytes, with a dynamic linear range of 0.6/5.0-200 μg L(-1). The developed method demonstrated excellent clean-up ability and high enrichment factors and was successfully applied to the analysis of target analytes in human urine and plasma samples.

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with acetonitrile stacking through capillary electrophoresis for the determination of three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs in body fluids

“…Off‐line sample pretreatment techniques are advantageous for overcoming these problems. According to relevant literature, a sequence of sample pretreatment steps is generally necessary before instrumental analysis; LLE , LPME , SPME , stir bar sorptive extraction , microextraction by a packed sorbent , and exhaustive electromembrane extraction have also been reported as methods for extracting SSRIs from plasma, urine, and environmental samples. Recently, DLLME has emerged as a novel, appealing alternative for sample preparation because of its rapidity, ease of operation, small volume of organic solvents consumed, and low cost .…”

Recent progress of sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis (2014–2016)

“…Zhou et al. developed a dual preconcentration method of hollow fiber‐based liquid‐LLME combined with sweeping MEKC for the sensitive determination of five antidepressants in human fluids. The analytes were extracted from the sample solution into phenetole impregnated in the pores of the hollow fiber and then back‐extracted into 0.1 M HAc inside the hollow fiber.…”

Chemical Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Recent Developments toward Real-Time Chemical Monitoring of Patients

“…Ou u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u ut t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t tl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l le e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e et t t t t sensitive detection of five common second-generation antidepressants simultaneously in urine or plasma samples. 16 Kang et al have developed a reusable electrochemical sensor based on a graphene-chitosan composite to detect the antipsychotic medication clozapine. 17 Bluett et al have used HPLC-selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry to monitor methotrexate, routinely administered for rheumatoid arthritis, with improved specificity and sensitivity over traditional immunoassays.…”