Hollow carbon shells enhanced by confined ruthenium as cost-efficient and superior catalysts for the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction

Abstract

Ru species encapsulated in HCSs can effectively break the homogeneous electron distribution and generate abundant active sites for the HER.

An earth-abundant bimetallic catalyst coated metallic nanowire grown electrode with platinum-like pH-universal hydrogen evolution activity at high current density

“…3e and f) and expectedly it is better or comparable to that of the best known catalysts reported to date (Tables S4 and S5 †). 5,[10][11][12][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][46][47][48] When coupled to NiFe-LDH, overall water splitting is obtained at 1.508 V by the NiFe-LDH (+) || Cu-m/Cu-W/NiCo-LDH (À) electrolyzer to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm À2 compared to IrO 2 (+) || 40 wt% Pt/C (À) which needs 1.55 V along with exceptional stability for almost 70 h at 333 mA cm À2 , making it suitable for practical applications (Fig. S20 †).…”

“…In spite of an impeccable HER performance of many of these catalysts, a Pt-like activity has never been achieved. In very few instances when the catalysts have reached or bettered the Pt-limit, inclusion of other high cost and low abundant elements such as Ru and Ir becomes inevitable, for example, Ru/W 0.62 (N 0.62 O 0.38 )@C, 17 RuP, 18 Ru-Co, 19 CoRu, 20 RuM/CQDs, 21 Ir@3D-organic networks, 22 hollow carbon sphere-conned Ru nanoparticles (HCRNs), 23 and Ru/PC 24 in alkaline pH, RuPt, 25 Pt-Department of Chemical Sciences, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, India. E-mail: sayanb@iiserkol.ac.in † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Structural and morphological evolution of the electrodes during the fabrication process; microscopic elemental analyses of the Cu-m/Cu-W/NiCo-LDH electrode; XPS spectra of the Cu-m/Cu-W/NiCo-LDH electrode; PXRD patterns of the Cu-m/Cu-W/NixCoy-LDH electrodes; HER performance of different electrodes in alkaline and acidic media; HER performance of the Cu-m/Cu-W/NiCo-LDH electrode from control experiments in 1 M KOH; activity at a slower scan rate; determination of the potential of the Ag/AgCl electrode; pH universality; mass activity; EIS results; ECSA determination; cyclic stability tests; chronopotentiometric stability at different current densities; faradaic efficiency and detection of H 2 (g) evolution; overall water splitting with the NiFe-LDH anode and the corresponding stability test; change of the substrate; choice of the HER catalyst and the substrate; HER activity comparison of CFP/NiCo-LDH and Cu-m/Cu-W/NiCo-LDH; XPS valence band spectra; lattice parameters; Co : Ni molar ratios; overpotential values at different pH values; comparison table of the HER performance in alkaline and acidic media; and TOF calculation.…”

Carbon quantum dots enhanced the activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction in ruthenium-based electrocatalysts

“…Therefore, it is necessary to improve our understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the carbon-based support and metal. In recent decades, a variety of carbon materials such as hollow porous carbon spheres, 26,27 graphene, 28,29 carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 30 carbon nanofibers 31,32 and carbon cloth 33 have been widely investigated and designed as electrocatalysts support for the HER. However, the preparation process is complicated, and the reduction of metal precursors normally requires excess strong reducing reagents.…”

Interface Effect of Ru‐MoS2 Nanoflowers on Lignin Substrate for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Activity

“…Comparing the performance of Ru‐MoS 2 /CL with other MoS 2 ‐based catalysts, it still outperformed many other catalysts since Ru‐MoS 2 /CL was located in the lower left corner of the diagram with low Tafel slope and overpotential at 10 mA cm −2 (Figure , Supporting Information). [ 7,18,22,36–49 ]…”

“…[ 21 ] It was reported that Ru nanocluster presented an extremely low water splitting energy barrier. [ 22,23 ] So, as a hybrid HER catalyst, Ru‐doped MoS 2 /CL (Ru‐MoS 2 /CL) has been designed by integrating Ru‐doped MoS 2 with CL substrate. In this regard, Ru was introduced to increase the number of catalytic sites and CL was brought in as a substrate to enhance the conductivity of the catalyst and reduce the aggregation.…”