Holes in Progressively Thinning Arctic Sea Ice Lead to New Ice Algae Habitat

Lee, Sang‐Heon; McRoy, C. Peter; Joo, Hyoung Min; Gradinger, Rolf; Cui, Huehua; Yun, Mi Sun; Chung, Kyung Ho; Kang, Sung‐Ho; Kang, Chang‐Keun; Choy, Eun Jung; Son, Seung-Hyun; Carmack, Eddy C.; Whitledge, Terry E.

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2011.81

Cited by 53 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Hence, our study confirms that melt pond productivity is low relative to that of sea ice (Mundy et al 2011;Lee et al 2012), except under conditions promoting excessive occurrence of algal biomass in the form of aggregates or mats (e.g. Lee et al 2011;Fernández-Méndez et al 2014). We can, however, not exclude potential loss of bacterial biomass due to osmotic stress during the thawing procedure and this could potentially have affected bacterial production (Miller et al 2015).…”

Section: Melt Pond Versus Sea Ice Primary Productivitysupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Hence, melt ponds enhance light availability within and below the sea ice (Nicolaus et al 2012), which stimulates the light-limited biological productivity and can lead to early nutrient depletion in surface waters before ice brake-up (Arrigo et al 2014). The ponds in themselves also represent a microbial habitat (Bursa 1963), but the results of the so far few available studies reflect a wide range of productivity in these melt ponds, from almost insignificant production (Mundy et al 2011;Fernández-Méndez et al 2015) to highly productive ponds covered by microbial mats and aggregates (Lee et al 2011;Fernández-Méndez et al 2014). It has been speculated that this large range in production may be associated with differences in nutrient availability (Mundy et al 2011;Fernández-Méndez et al 2015) and with incident UV-radiation as an additional moderator of the biological productivity (Marcoval et al 2007;Wängberg et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bursa 1963). Along with the bacterial community, these primary producers represent the foundation of ice-associated food webs, and therefore, regulate potential colonization by higher trophic levels (Bursa 1963;Lee et al 2011;Fernández-Méndez et al 2014). Hence, to understand the present-day Arctic sympagic carbon cycling and how the predicted increase in melt pond coverage might alter this, it is important to determine the limiting factor for primary production in melt ponds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds

et al. 2017

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addition compared with their respective controls, with the largest increase occurring in the enclosures. Separate additions of PO 4 3− and NO 3 − in the enclosures led to intermediate increases in productivity, suggesting co-limitation of nutrients. Bacterial production and the biovolume of ciliates, which were the dominant grazers, were positively correlated with primary production, showing a tight coupling between primary production and both microbial activity and ciliate grazing. To our knowledge, this study is the first to ascertain nutrient limitation in melt ponds. We also document that the addition of nutrients, although at relative high concentrations, can stimulate biological productivity at several trophic levels. Given the projected increase in first-year ice, increased melt pond coverage during the Arctic spring and potential additional nutrient supply from, e.g. terrestrial sources imply that biological activity of melt ponds may become increasingly important for the sympagic carbon cycling in the future Arctic.

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Section: Melt Pond Versus Sea Ice Primary Productivitysupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds

et al. 2017

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“…Over the last two decades, the occurrence and extent of melt ponds in the Arctic has increased (Lee et al, 2011). At the same time, the nature of these ponds has changed.…”

Section: A Future Perspective On Climate Change and Sea-ice Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…4, page 9 of 25 alga, Chlamydomonas nivalis (Melnikov et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2011), and of Pyramimonas sp. (e.g., Mundy et al, 2011).…”

Section: General Patterns In Microalgal Community Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis

Leeuwe

Tedesco

Arrigo

et al. 2018

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

122

128

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van Leeuwe, MA, et al. 2018 Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis. Elem Sci Anth, 6: 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.267 IntroductionSea ice is one of the largest biomes on earth. The area covered by Arctic (15.6 × 10 6 km 2 ) and Antarctic (18.8 × 10 6 km 2 ) sea ice is roughly 4 and 5% of the global ocean surface (361.9 × 10 6 km 2 ) at their respective maximum extents (Meier, 2017;Stammerjohn and Maksym, 2017). Sea ice is a very diverse and potentially very productive habitat, with primary production estimated to amount to 2-24% of total production in sea-ice covered marine areas (Arrigo, 2017). Sea ice is especially productive in spring and summer when, locally, carbon biomass can be ten times higher in the bottom ice than in the seawater, with values greater than 3 mg chlorophyll a) in bottom layers (e.g., Corneau et al., 2013). On some occasions, ice algae may contribute up to 50-60% of total primary production McMinn et al., 2010; Fernandez-Mendez et al., 2015). Sympagic (ice-associated) microalgae (see Horner et al., 1992, for terminology) are REVIEWMicroalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis Sea ice is one the largest biomes on earth, yet it is poorly described by biogeochemical and climate models. In this paper, published and unpublished data on sympagic (ice-associated) algal biodiversity and productivity have been compiled from more than 300 sea-ice cores and organized into a systematic framework. Significant patterns in microalgal community structure emerged from this framework. Autotrophic flagellates characterize surface communities, interior communities consist of mixed microalgal populations and pennate diatoms dominate bottom communities. There is overlap between landfast and pack-ice communities, which supports the hypothesis that sympagic microalgae originate from the pelagic environment. Distribution in the Arctic is sometimes quite different compared to the Antarctic. This difference may be related to the time of sampling or lack of dedicated studies. Seasonality has a significant impact on species distribution, with a potentially greater role for flagellates and centric diatoms in early spring. The role of sea-ice algae in seeding pelagic blooms remains uncertain. Photosynthesis in sea ice is mainly controlled by environmental factors on a small scale and therefore cannot be linked to specific ice types. Overall, sea-ice communities show a high capacity for photoacclimation but low maximum productivity compared to pelagic phytoplankton. Low carbon assimilation rates probably result from adaptation to extreme conditions of reduced light and temperature in winter. We hypothesize that in the near future, bottom communities will develop earlier in the season and develop more biomass over a shorter period of time as light penetration increases due to the thinning of sea ice. The Arctic is already witnessing changes. The shift forward in time of the algal bloom can resu...

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Determination of particulate organic carbon sources to the surface mixed layer of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean

et al. 2014

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Stable isotope ratios of particulate organic carbon (POC), together with other tracers, were ana- generally found in the central basin. Isotopically enriched material was found on the shelves, consistent with higher biological production and strongly correlated with in situ carbon-uptake rates. In contrast, offshore in the central basin, there was no significant relationship between d 13 C-POC distributions and either chlorophyll a or aqueous CO 2 concentrations, suggesting that in situ biological production was not the dominant control. Analysis of freshwater sources suggested that the sea ice melt contribution of POC to surface waters in the central Canada Basin exerted a negligible influence on d 13 C-POC distributions, and instead isotopically depleted POC in the surface waters of the central Canada Basin were sourced externally through advective transport of riverine organic matter. We show that alkalinity and meteoric water content can be used to distinguish POC inputs from North American and Russian rivers and our analysis suggests that Russian river inputs are the predominant source of 13 C-depleted organic matter to the mixed layer of the central Canada Basin.

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Holes in Progressively Thinning Arctic Sea Ice Lead to New Ice Algae Habitat

Cited by 53 publications

References 23 publications

Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds

Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds

Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis

Determination of particulate organic carbon sources to the surface mixed layer of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean

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