HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce vascular monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression in early lesions from hypercholesterolemic swine independently of their effect on plasma cholesterol levels

Martı́nez-González, José; Alfón, José; Berrozpe, M.; Badimon, Lina

doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00469-5

Cited by 61 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Atorvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and simvastatin reduce expression of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8, and regulated on activation normally T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in cultured monocytes, ECs, and SMCs and also within experimental atheroma, in association with reduced macrophage accumulation. [43][44][45][46][47] Interestingly, inhibition of sterol synthesis via squalestatin in these studies was not comparable, suggesting that the in vivo regulation of cytokine/chemokine production by statins depends on the biosynthesis of nonsterol compounds arising from mevalonate ( Figure 1). 45 In addition to the inflammatory infiltration, proliferation and migration of ECs (eg, probably yielding formation of neovessels) and SMCs (promoting formation of the plaque's fibrous cap) occurs during the formation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions.…”

Section: In Vitro Studies Suggest Lipid-lowering-independent Antiinflmentioning

confidence: 91%

Inflammation, Immunity, and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Schönbeck

Libby²

2004

Circulation

426

335

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Abstract-According to traditional thinking, atherosclerosis results from passive lipid deposition in the vascular wall.Thus, therapies predominantly targeted lipid metabolism. The contemporary view of atherosclerosis, however, has broadened to include an active and complex role for inflammation, orchestrated in part by mediators of the immune system. This recognition prompted the question of whether antiinflammatory interventions might provide a novel avenue for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Uncertainties about the type of antiinflammatory regimen and appropriate patient selection currently hamper clinical investigation. Yet cardiovascular scientists have begun to address these questions at the bench, in experimental models, and indirectly in humans. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A HMG-CoA reductase (statins) have emerged as promising tools with dual functions. Originally designed to target elevated lipids, the "traditional" cause of atherosclerosis, statins might also confer cardiovascular benefit by directly or indirectly modulating the inflammatory component of this prevalent disease. Yet controversy persists regarding the (clinical) relevance of these potential non-LDL-lowering "pleiotropic" functions of statins. This overview addresses the controversy by reviewing in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding statins as antiinflammatory agents. Cardiovascular Benefits of Statins Beyond Lipid Lowering: Hints From Clinical TrialsIn 1994, the landmark Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) established the benefits of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor (statin) on mortality in patients with atherosclerosis. 1 In accord with traditional acceptance of atherosclerosis as a consequence of lipid disorders, post-hoc analysis of the 4S trial suggested that the benefit provided by simvastatin in individual patients indeed related to the magnitude of change in low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). 2 Subsequent studies, however, differed with this conclusion even as they affirmed the clinical benefits of statins as a class on cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in patients with or without established atherosclerotic disease. In one post-hoc analysis of the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) population, the Framingham coronary heart disease model accurately predicted the risk in placebo-treated subjects but underestimated the CV benefit to the statintreated group predicted by the degree of LDL lowering. 3 In the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) study, pravastatin-mediated lowering of cholesterol and triglycerides appeared to account for most but not all of the benefits, lending further support to the hypothesis that statins provide CV benefit beyond lipid lowering. 4 Indeed, analysis of the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) study, 5 the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) trial, 6 and the Heart Protection Study (HPS) 7 suggested that treatment effects...

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Section: In Vitro Studies Suggest Lipid-lowering-independent Antiinflmentioning

confidence: 91%

Inflammation, Immunity, and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Schönbeck

Libby²

2004

Circulation

426

335

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“…[15] In a mouse model, atorvastatin and pravastatin decreased the expression of MCP-1 in carotid, femoral, and thoracic aortic vascular beds. [16] Persistent activation of the renin angiotensin system with increased levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) contributes to disease progression in heart failure. Ang II not only causes peripheral vasoconstriction but can also lead to remodeling in heart failure, by provoking cardiac myocyte hypertrophy, cardiac myocyte cell death, and progressive myocardial fibrosis.…”

Section: Anti-inflammatory Properties Of Statinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrum of Pleiotropic Effects of Statins in Heart Failure

Mathur

Ramasubbu

Mann

2008

Heart Failure Clinics

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“…Withdrawal of cerivastatin from pretreated vascular smooth muscle cells induces MCP-1 production, an effect that is replicated when these cells are coincubated with cerivastatin plus GGPP, which suggests that it occurs via geranylgeranylated proteins (56). Rosuvastatin diminishes MCP-1 production in the vessel walls of hypercholesterolemic mice (54), and atorvastatin and pravastatin decrease MCP-1 expression in vessel walls of hypercholesterolemic swine (57). Fluvastatin, atorvastatin, cerivastatin, and simvastatin significantly decrease circulating MCP-1 levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia (58-61).…”

Section: Statins As Antiinflammatory Drugs: Effects On Cells and Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%