HLA genetic profile of Mapuche (Araucanian) Amerindians from Chile

Abstract

Amerindian Mapuche (Araucanians) are now living in Chile and Argentina at both sides of Andean Mountains. They are anthropologically and genetically different from southernmost South America Patagonian Amerindians. Most of the HLA alleles found in our Mapuche sample are frequent or very frequent in North and South America Amerindians: (1) Class I: A*02:01, A*03:01, A*68:01, B*39:09, B*51:01, (2) Class II: DRB1*03:01, DRB1*04:03, DRB1*07:01, DRB1*08:02, DRB1*14:02, DRB1*16:02. One of the nine most frequent extended haplotypes seems to be from European origin, suggesting the existence of a degree of admixture with Europeans in our Mapuche sample. It has been calculated of about 11 % admixture. Three of the extended haplotypes are also found in other Amerindians and five of them are newly found in Mapuche Amerindians: A*68:01-B*39:09-DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02; A*68:01-B*51:01-DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02; A*29:01-B*08:01-DRB1*03:01-DQB1*02:01; A*02:01-B*15:01-DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02; A*33:01-B*14:02-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*03:03. The medical importance of calculating HLA profile is discussed on the diagnostic (HLA and disease) and therapeutical bases of HLA pharmacogenomics and on the construction of a virtual transplantation HLA list profile. Also, anthropological conclusions are drawn.

Pacific Islanders and Amerindian relatedness according to HLA autosomal genes

“…3) All North, Meso and South American Amerindians cluster together and are separated from other World populations. Amerindians follow little geographical gradient in this HLA frequency analyses, except for Mesoamerican groups (Arnaiz-Villena et al, 2000;Arnaiz-Villena et al, 2010;Gomez-Casado et al, 2003;Rey et al, 2013).…”

“…In the present work, we have studied the North, Meso and South American Tarahumaras (Garcia-Ortiz et al, 2006), Mapuches (Rey et al, 2013), Toba Pilaga, Mataco Wichi, and Eastern Toba (Cerna et al, 1993).…”

SERS spectrum of red dyes in the Mapuche belts from the beginning of the XXth century

“…The Mapuche culture is one of the distinct original people mainly settled during the pre‐Columbian period in the VI to X Regions of the actual Chilean territory. Mapuche people, from mapu land and che people, seem to be one of the descendents of the settlers arriving by the Pacific coast route . Mapuche textiles have their origins in the pre‐Hispanic period possibly having been influenced by the Tiahuanaco, Inca and other northern regional cultures, and later by the Spanish conquerors.…”

“…Mapuche people, from mapu land and che people, seem to be one of the descendents of the settlers arriving by the Pacific coast route. [24][25][26] Mapuche textiles have their origins in the pre-Hispanic period possibly having been influenced by the Tiahuanaco, Inca and other northern regional cultures, and later by the Spanish conquerors. The transformations of the Mapuche society, imposed by the Spanish colonization, impacted the textile industry; this activity was influenced by the decrease of large areas of their land, and the appearance of cattle and sheep resources.…”

Ancestry of Amerindians and its Impact in Anthropology, Transplantation, HLA Pharmacogenomics and Epidemiology by HLA Study in Wiwa Colombian Population

“…In the present work, we have studied the Wiwa ethnic group HLA allele frequencies and have compared them with those of Caucasian European, Siberians, Orientals, Na-Dene, Eskimos and Amerindian populations. HLA genes have been analyzed for the following Amerindian ethnic groups: Mayans [26], Mixe, Mixtecans, Zapotecans [27], Lakota Sioux [28], Mazatecans [29], Lamas [30], Quechuas [31], Aymaras [16], Uros [14], Tarahumaras [32], Mapuches [33], Toba Pilaga, Mataco Wichi, and Eastern Toba [15].…”