HLA-B27 Correlates with the Intracellular Elimination, Replication, and Trafficking of Salmonella Enteritidis Collected from Reactive Arthritis Patients
Abstract:BackgroundThe aim of this study was to explore the correlation between HLA-B27 and the intracellular elimination, replication, and trafficking of Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) collected from patients with reactive arthritis.Material/MethodsConfocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were employed in this study to evaluate the localization of proteins of interest, to assess the intracellular trafficking of S. enteritidis, and to measure the production of… Show more
“…These were transported to the laboratory for further analysis. The processing of the samples was done within 2-4 h of procurement 73 . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's) were isolated from blood using density gradient centrifugation 74 .…”
Section: Metabolic Network Reconstruction Simulation Analysis and Damentioning
Reactive Arthritis (ReA), a rare seronegative inflammatory arthritis, lacks exquisite classification under rheumatic autoimmunity. ReA is solely established using differential clinical diagnosis of the patient cohorts, where pathogenic triggers linked to enteric and urogenital microorganisms e.g. Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Chlamydia have been reported. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), an idiopathic enteric disorder co-evolved and attuned to present gut microbiome dysbiosis, can be correlated to the genesis of enteropathic arthropathies like ReA. Gut microbes symbolically modulate immune system homeostasis and are elementary for varied disease patterns in autoimmune disorders. The gut-microbiota axis structured on the core host-microbe interactions execute an imperative role in discerning the etiopathogenesis of ReA and IBD. This study predicts the molecular signatures for ReA with co-evolved IBD through the enveloped host-microbe interactions and microbe-microbe ‘interspecies communication’, using synonymous gene expression data for selective microbes. We have utilized a combinatorial approach that have concomitant in-silico work-pipeline and experimental validation to corroborate the findings. In-silico analysis involving text mining, metabolic network reconstruction, simulation, filtering, host-microbe interaction, docking and molecular mimicry studies results in robust drug target/s and biomarker/s for co-evolved IBD and ReA. Cross validation of the target/s or biomarker/s was done by targeted gene expression analysis following a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Studies were performed to substantiate the host-microbe disease network consisting of protein-marker-symptom/disease-pathway-drug associations resulting in possible identification of vital drug targets, biomarkers, pathways and inhibitors for IBD and ReA.
Our study identified Na(+)/H(+) anti-porter (NHAA) and Kynureninase (KYNU) to be robust early and essential host-microbe interacting targets for IBD co-evolved ReA. Other vital host-microbe interacting genes, proteins, pathways and drugs include Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), Catalase (CAT), Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE), carbon metabolism (folate biosynthesis) and methotrexate. These can serve as potential prognostic/theranostic biomarkers and signatures that can be extrapolated to stratify ReA and related autoimmunity patient cohorts for further pilot studies.
“…These were transported to the laboratory for further analysis. The processing of the samples was done within 2-4 h of procurement 73 . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's) were isolated from blood using density gradient centrifugation 74 .…”
Section: Metabolic Network Reconstruction Simulation Analysis and Damentioning
Reactive Arthritis (ReA), a rare seronegative inflammatory arthritis, lacks exquisite classification under rheumatic autoimmunity. ReA is solely established using differential clinical diagnosis of the patient cohorts, where pathogenic triggers linked to enteric and urogenital microorganisms e.g. Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Chlamydia have been reported. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), an idiopathic enteric disorder co-evolved and attuned to present gut microbiome dysbiosis, can be correlated to the genesis of enteropathic arthropathies like ReA. Gut microbes symbolically modulate immune system homeostasis and are elementary for varied disease patterns in autoimmune disorders. The gut-microbiota axis structured on the core host-microbe interactions execute an imperative role in discerning the etiopathogenesis of ReA and IBD. This study predicts the molecular signatures for ReA with co-evolved IBD through the enveloped host-microbe interactions and microbe-microbe ‘interspecies communication’, using synonymous gene expression data for selective microbes. We have utilized a combinatorial approach that have concomitant in-silico work-pipeline and experimental validation to corroborate the findings. In-silico analysis involving text mining, metabolic network reconstruction, simulation, filtering, host-microbe interaction, docking and molecular mimicry studies results in robust drug target/s and biomarker/s for co-evolved IBD and ReA. Cross validation of the target/s or biomarker/s was done by targeted gene expression analysis following a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Studies were performed to substantiate the host-microbe disease network consisting of protein-marker-symptom/disease-pathway-drug associations resulting in possible identification of vital drug targets, biomarkers, pathways and inhibitors for IBD and ReA.
Our study identified Na(+)/H(+) anti-porter (NHAA) and Kynureninase (KYNU) to be robust early and essential host-microbe interacting targets for IBD co-evolved ReA. Other vital host-microbe interacting genes, proteins, pathways and drugs include Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), Catalase (CAT), Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE), carbon metabolism (folate biosynthesis) and methotrexate. These can serve as potential prognostic/theranostic biomarkers and signatures that can be extrapolated to stratify ReA and related autoimmunity patient cohorts for further pilot studies.
“…Une infection transitoire de cellules synoviales présentatrices à courte demi-vie cadrerait avec l'évolution clinique de la plupart des arthrites réactionnelles, mais les 10 % qui se commuent en SpA durables pourraient résulter d'une infection au moins transitoire de cellules-souches à très longue durée de vie [19], et/ou de la persistance de l'infection à l'état latent dans certaines En fait, tous ces arguments peuvent être reconsidérés : (i) l'absence de développement bactérien dans les milieux de culture usuels est la règle pour les bactéries du microbiote muqueux, qui peuvent survivre durablement dans un état non répliquant ; (ii) les antibiotiques ne sont efficaces que sur des bactéries en croissance, non sur leurs formes dormantes ; (iii) PR et SpA devraient être considérées comme des syndromes, induits par des pathogènes variés et/ou multiples. Dans le modèle du rat HLA-B27, où le microbiote intestinal et la dysbiose sont hautement dépendants du fond génétique des rats, de nombreuses bactéries peuvent induire un tableau de SpA, même si les bactéries filamenteuses segmentées (qui sont des pathobiontes) semblent les plus pathogènes [41] ; (iv) les associations entre HLA et rhumatismes pourraient aussi s'expliquer par l'incidence de ceux-ci sur la capacité à éliminer mieux certaines bactéries intracellulaires, les entérobactéries persistant par exemple plus facilement dans les cellules dendritiques des rats HLA-B27 [42] ; (v) de nombreuses pathologies dysimmunitaires pourraient plus résulter d'un excès de présentation d'antigènes (dont du Soi) par des cellules présentatrices modifiées par le phénomène de « trained-immunity » dans les suites d'une provocation bactérienne, que par un excès de réponse T ou B, même si ceux-ci peuvent secondairement l'entretenir ; (vi) l'inhibition des cytokines n'est pas suffisante à induire la sortie des bactéries de leur état de dormance (sauf peut-être transitoirement lors de manifestations cliniques dites 'paradoxales') et leur développement exponentiel.…”
Section: Des Bactéries Peuvent-elles Persister à L'état Latent Près D...unclassified
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