HLA‐antibody testing: The immune phagocytosis inhibition test is superior to the PRA‐STAT and NIH lymphocytotoxic test with respect to specificity

Abstract

We compared the specificity and sensitivity of four different methods for the detection of antibodies specific for HLA antigens. The NIH version of the complement-dependent cytotoxic test (CDC) was used as the gold standard to which we compared two Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR)-dependent immune phagocytosis inhibition tests (IPI) and one commercial enzyme-labelled immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with soluble HLA class I-antigen preparations bound to the plate (PRA-STAT). Both IPI tests are based on the fact that HLA-antibodies specifically bind to antigens on the monocyte surface via their Fab portion, and in so doing block a neighbouring FcgammaR with their Fc region. This blockade prevents phagocytosis of IgG-coated red blood cells (RBCs), which can be measured either microscopically (IPIm) or photometrically (IPIp). The four assays were used in blind tests on 20 human alloantisera or monoclonal antibodies with known HLA-antigen reactivities. Additionally, two monoclonal antibodies and one human serum were titrated to elucidate the sensitivity of each test. After all tests were completed, the identities of the samples were disclosed. Both IPI methods detected and identified all clinically relevant HLA class I and class II specific antibodies. In contrast, the CDC was not able to detect noncytotoxic HLA-antibodies and HLA class II specific antibodies; however, it detected clinically insignificant IgM lymphocytotoxins. The PRA-STAT assay enabled identification of all cytotoxic and noncytotoxic IgG antibodies with specificity for HLA-class I antigens. With respect to sensitivity, the CDC and the IPI methods were superior to the PRA-STAT. These facts demonstrate the advantage of IPI methods in the detection of clinically relevant HLA-antibodies.

Laboratory Diagnostics of HLA Antibodies/Labordiagnostik von HLA-Antikörpern

“…In our hands, the IPI that had been performed in our laboratory for routine testing for nearly 20 years proved to be highly specific and sensitive in the detection of HLA-A, -B, -C and -DR antibodies independent of complement fixation. Sensitivity was much higher than that of an ELISA method (PRA-STAT) and was comparable to CDC in the detection of cytotoxic IgG antibodies [39]. Because the IPI detected non-cytotoxic antibodies as well, the number of positive reactions was clearly higher compared to the CDC.…”