HIV vaccines 1983–2003

McMichael, Andrew J.; Hanke, Tomáš

doi:10.1038/nm0703-874

Cited by 223 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Neutralizing antibodies, the correlate of vaccine-induced protection against most viral infections, that broadly cross-neutralize HIV-1 isolates, cannot currently be induced by vaccines. 26,27 It is assumed based on preclinical studies with SIV that HIV-1 specific T cells will not provide sterilizing immunity or allow for complete clearance of HIV-1 but rather lower the set point viral load and thus reduce morbidity and further spread of the virus. As HIV-1 rapidly mutates in infected hosts, the vaccine-induced CD8 + T-cell response has to be of sufficient breadth to prevent outgrowth of escape mutants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimpanzee-origin adenovirus vectors as vaccine carriers

et al. 2005

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Vaccines based on replication-defective adenoviral vectors are being developed for infectious agents and tumorassociated antigens. Early work focused on vaccines derived from a common human serotype of adenovirus, that is, adenovirus of the serotype 5 (AdHu5). Neutralizing antibodies against AdHu5 virus, present in a large percentage of the human population, dampen the efficacy of vaccines based on this carrier. To circumvent this problem, we generated vectors derived from chimpanzee adenoviruses.Here we describe some basic parameters of vectors derived from chimpanzee adenoviruses C68 and C7, including growth characteristics, yields of infectious particles, effects of additional deletions in E3 and E4 and lengths of the inserted foreign sequence as they relate to the suitability for their eventual development as vaccine carriers for clinical use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimpanzee-origin adenovirus vectors as vaccine carriers

et al. 2005

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“…Most, if any, of the current vaccines target the development of an effective long-lasting virus-specific CD8 þ T-cell response. 4 The possibility, however, that the vaccine-induced CD8 þ T cells will also be sensitive to apoptosis cannot be excluded. This possibility is even higher in the case of therapeutic vaccines where HIV infection has established already an environment that favors the apoptosis of CTLs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An ideal HIV vaccine should be able to elicit a robust long-lasting immunity, capable of controlling a wide variety of HIV isolates. 4 Thus, reconstitution and reinforcement of the CTL function against multiple HIV epitopes is a major goal of therapeutic strategies and vaccines against HIV. Understanding and overcoming the apoptotic defect of naturally occurring and vaccine-elicited HIV-specific CD8 þ T cells therefore is an important goal in the quest for novel cellular immunity-based therapies, and therapeutic and preventive vaccines.…”

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confidence: 99%

Apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells: an HIV evasion strategy

2005

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“…Such vaccines offer promising approaches to some of the most intractable problems in human health, such as malaria (25), HIV (26), and cancer (27). However, there are few tools available that allow T-cell responses to be evaluated with the consistency necessary to meet regulatory standards for vaccine trials.…”

Section: Original Articlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of flow cytometry data using an automatic processing tool

et al. 2008

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In spite of recent advances in flow cytometry technology, most cytometry data is still analyzed manually which is labor-intensive for large datasets and prone to bias and inconsistency. We designed an automatic processing tool (APT) to rapidly and consistently define and describe cell populations across large datasets. Image processing, smoothing, and clustering algorithms were used to generate an expert system that automatically reproduces the functionality of commercial manual cytometry processing tools. The algorithms were developed using a dataset collected from CMV-infected infants and combined within a graphical user interface, to create the APT. The APT was used to identify regulatory T-cells in HIV-infected adults, based on expression of FOXP3. Results from the APT were compared directly with the manual analyses of five immunologists and showed close agreement, with a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.96 (95% CI 0.91-0.98). The APT was well accepted by users and able to process around 100 data files per hour. By applying consistent criteria to all data generated by a study, the APT can provide a level of objectivity that is difficult to match using conventional manual analysis. ' 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry Key termsimmunophenotyping; clustering; population; T-cell SINCE the first experiments in identifying cell populations based on the fluorescence characteristics of individual cells were performed in the late 1960s (1), there has been a steady increase in both the scope and availability of this technology to the extent that the benchtop multiparametric flow cytometer is now a standard piece of equipment in an immunology laboratory. The essentials of immunophenotyping have been established for much of that time, as cells are stained with monoclonal antibodies conjugated to flurochromes with nonoverlapping emission peaks, and the intensity of fluorescence in each wavelength is detected (2). Recent years have seen a rapid expansion in the number of parameters that can be assessed on a single cell, and it is now possible to record the intensities of seventeen different flurochromes (3), although most laboratories are still using machines with considerably fewer detectors.While considerable advances have been made in the development of flurochromes and the means to detect them, developments in the tools for analysis of multiparametric data have not kept pace. After measuring fluorescence intensity, most systems output data to an attached computer where each parameter is recorded for each cell. Processing at this stage is based on a limited number of dedicated flow cytometry analysis packages. Nearly all analyses are dependent on the subjective assessment of the operator. An increasing number of studies involve the detection of many different populations and subpopulations in a large number of individuals who may be sampled over a considerable period of time. Under such circumstances, it is unlikely that an individual operator can consistently apply the same criter...

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HIV vaccines 1983–2003

Cited by 223 publications

References 109 publications

Chimpanzee-origin adenovirus vectors as vaccine carriers

Chimpanzee-origin adenovirus vectors as vaccine carriers

Apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells: an HIV evasion strategy

Analysis of flow cytometry data using an automatic processing tool

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