HIV Type 1 Diversity from Newly Diagnosed Patients in Santos Metropolitan Area/Brazil

Abstract

HIV-1 from infected subjects has been characterized in order to provide a more accurate view of the strains that are currently found in a given region. In this report, we focused on characterizing the pol gene diversity obtained from newly diagnosed patients in Santos metropolitan area, Brazil. This region is composed of nine cities and an international port. Analysis of the 33 samples revealed that 22 strains belonged to subtype B, 4 to subtype F, and 2 to subtype C; 5 strains were B/F recombinants. Our results demonstrated that 18.2% of samples were primary antiretroviral resistance genotypic mutations, with high-level resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors in both subtypes B and F and in recombinant forms B/F. Our data revealed that the primary antiretroviral resistance genotypic mutations should be carefully investigated in developing countries with widespread access to antiretrovirals, such as Brazil.

Southern Brazil HIV Type 1 C Expansion into the State of São Paulo, Brazil

“…15 In the nearby city of Santos, a recent study based on 33 cases documented a prevalence of 6% (2/ 33), with figures of 1.8% and 2.1% in evaluations for the years of 2005-2006. 16 Consistent with these findings, our study documents a trend for an increase in the proportion among chronic infected cases failing ARV therapy and a relatively high proportion of clade C among naive cases in the major metropolitan areas of Sã o Paulo.…”

Resistance-Associated Mutation Prevalence According to Subtypes B and Non-B of HIV Type 1 in Antiretroviral-Experienced Patients in Minas Gerais, Brazil

“…In Brazil, subtype C is still mainly concentrated in the southern region, 25,26 although this subtype has been sporadically reported in the northern, 27 northeastern, 22 and central-western regions. 24 In southeastern Brazil, subtype C has spread recently 28 and has been described in many cities, 7,20,23,28,29 including a previous study of vertically infected children in our community. 30 Although we did not conduct a phylogenetic analysis to rule out crosscontamination as the reason for the absence of subtype C, all sequences obtained from samples were subjected to quality control assessments to exclude sample mix-ups or contamination (see Materials and Methods).…”

HIV-1 genetic diversity and drug resistance among treatment naïve patients from Southern Brazil: An association of HIV-1 subtypes with exposure categories

“…[20][21][22] Notwithstanding, the prevalence of primary resistance presented herein may be underestimated due mostly selected patients were chronic cases (>12 months since HIV infection), and HIV tends to return to wild type over time without ARV selective pressure as DRMs reduce the viral fitness. 35 We also observed one patient with lowlevel resistance to INTI.…”

“…National surveys suggest that primary HIV resistance in Brazil is generally low, ranging from 6% to 8%. 2,18,19 However, very high prevalence of HIV primary drug resistance (18-37%) were observed in some localities, such as the City of Santos (Southeastern region) 20,21 and the State of Bahia (Northeastern region), 22 indicating important differences across country regions.…”