HIV survivability in wastewater

Casson, Léonard W.; Sorber, Charles A.; Palmer, Richard H.; Enrico, Amy; Gupta, Phalguni

doi:10.2175/wer.64.3.4

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Moore et al (1993) reported a reduction of dispersed ceIl-free HIV of 3-log units after 8 h of exposure to dechlorinated tap water at room temperature. Similar cell-free HIV survivability results also were reported for wastewater by Casson et at. (1992).…”

supporting

confidence: 89%

“…Moore et al (1993) reported ceIl-free HIV survivability in water to be much less than the survivability reported by Slade et at. (1989) and Casson et al (1992). Moore et al (1993) reported a reduction of dispersed ceIl-free HIV of 3-log units after 8 h of exposure to dechlorinated tap water at room temperature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results of cell-free HIV survivability experiments in water performed by Slade et ai. (1989), Casson et al (1992), and Moore (1993) are plotted in 174 Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, Slade et ai.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1989) reported reductions in viral titers in dechlorinated tap water at 16°C of < 1 log unit at 24 hr, approximately a I-log reduction at 48 h, and between a 1-and 2-]og reduction in viral titer at 72 h. Casson et at. (1992) noted an initial period of viral stability, in sterile deionized water at 25°C, ranging between 6 and 12 h followed by a reduction in titer of -I log unit at 24 h, approximately a 2-log reduction at 48 h, and between a 2-to 3-]og reduction in viral titer at 72 h. The HIV survivability reported by Slade et al (1989) was less than that reported by Casson et at. (1992) and may be attributed to the temperature difference between the experiments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survival and recovery of seeded HIV in water and wastewater

Casson¹,

Ritter²,

Cossentino³

et al. 1997

Water Environment Research

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the major public health concerns in the world today. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS, has been isolated from blood, semen, and other body fluids as well as excretions from infected individuals as both free virions, cell‐free virus, and as productively infected cells, cell‐associated virus. These body fluids and excretions, when discharged into wastewater collection systems, may contribute to the presence of HIV in wastewater. This raw wastewater, which may contain HIV, passes through wastewater treatment systems and may pose a potential health threat to wastewater treatment plant workers. The objectives of this research were to develop a better understanding of the survival of cell‐associated HIV in wastewater and to develop reliable methods for the concentration and recovery of HIV from wastewater. Casson et al. (1992) reported survival of cell‐free HIV in primary and secondary effluent ≤12 h followed by a reduction in titer 1‐ to 2‐ log in 24–48 hr. The infectivity of cell‐associated HIV was observed to be reduced rapidly after exposure to distilled water. However, a subpopulation of cell‐associated HIV was observed to remain stable through 48 h and remain infectious for ≤96 h in distilled water. Preliminary results indicate that cell‐associated HIV infectivity in nonchlorinated secondary effluent was less stable than in distilled water. Using a bentonite adsorption‐elution procedure, the authors have been able to recover HIV from distilled water and primary and secondary effluent at an efficiency of 30–50% to achieve an 8‐ to 10‐fold concentration depending on the initial HIV concentration. The bentonite‐adsorption elution procedure combined with RT‐PCR amplification provided a highly sensitive procedure for the detection of HIV in water and wastewater as low as one HIV particle per 25 m1.

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supporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survival and recovery of seeded HIV in water and wastewater

Casson¹,

Ritter²,

Cossentino³

et al. 1997

Water Environment Research

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“…Compliance with the hazard identification and communication requirements of the Bloodborne Pathogen Regulation is especially difficult for the wastewater industry because the risk of HIV in wastewater has not been fully quantified. Studies have shown that HIV can be recovered after 15 days from seeded buffered saline solution (Resnick et al, 1986), after 48 hours from seeded non-chlorinated wastewater (Casson et al, 1992), and after three days from dried surfaces (Resnick et al, 1986). Yet, in a report to Congress, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has stated that: "An epidemiological study of wastewater workers showed that these workers have no increased potential of becoming infected by bloodborne infectious agents.…”

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confidence: 99%

HIV and the Bloodborne Pathogen Regulation: implications for the wastewater industry

Johnson¹,

Blatchley²,

Mason³

1994

Water Environment Research

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The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires all employers to develop protocols to minimize occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens and, in the case that occupational exposure cannot be eliminated, to inform their employees of any risk that bloodborne pathogens may present. Compared to most bloodborne pathogens, little information is available on the potential for occupational transmission of HIV from wastewater. To assess this potential, current information relative to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) physiology, behavior, and analytical methods are reviewed. Information regarding the concentration of HIV in human waste and the survivability of HIV outside the human body is presented relative to the potential for virus transmission. From this information, it appears that the probability of such transmission approaches zero, but it cannot be ruled out entirely. It is more likely that human contact with wastewater will result in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms other than HIV. Practices which limit or eliminate the risk of occupational transmission of "conventional" pathogens (namely, those practices prescribed under the Bloodborne Pathogen Regulation and the Universal Precautions of the Centers for Disease Control) will probably be effective in limiting HIV transmission from wastewater. Water Environ.Res., 66, 684 (1994).

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Why Is HIV Rarely Transmitted by Oral Secretions?

Baron¹,

Poast²,

Cloyd

1999

Arch Intern Med

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Hypotonic disruption may be a major mechanism by which saliva kills infected mononuclear leukocytes and prevents their attachment to mucosal epithelial cells and production of infectious HIV, thereby preventing transmission. Implications for the known oral HIV transmission by milk and seminal fluid, as well as potential oral transmission to contacts and health care workers, are considered. This effective salivary defense may be applicable medically to interdict vaginal, rectal, and oral transmission of HIV by infected cells in seminal fluid or milk by the use of anticellular substances.

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HIV survivability in wastewater

Cited by 22 publications

References 3 publications

Survival and recovery of seeded HIV in water and wastewater

Survival and recovery of seeded HIV in water and wastewater

HIV and the Bloodborne Pathogen Regulation: implications for the wastewater industry

Why Is HIV Rarely Transmitted by Oral Secretions?

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