HIV Stigma, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minority Community Connectedness and HIV Testing Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men and Transgender People Who Have Sex with Men in Kazakhstan

Paine, Emily Allen; Lee, Yong Gun; Vinogradov, Vitaliy; Zhakupova, Gulnara; Hunt, Timothy; Primbetova, Sholpan; Terlikbayeva, Assel; El‐Bassel, Nabila; Wu, Elwin

doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03217-9

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Besides, subgroup analysis suggested that the risk of condomless sex due to IH and the mediation and interaction effect of SC were only significant in the homosexual subgroups. However, similar to a recent study in Kazakhstan [55], our findings suggested that the non-homosexual population reported a higher level of IH, more condomless sex, and a lower level of SC than their counterpart.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Roles of Social Capital in the Association Between Internalized Homophobia and Condomless Sex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Southwest China: A Four-Way Decomposition

Feng

Yang

et al. 2023

Int J Public Health

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Objectives: This study examined whether social capital (SC) mediated the association between internalized homophobia (IH) and condomless sex among men who have sex with men (MSM), with the interaction of SC and IH considered.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2018 and April 2019 in Sichuan Province, China. A total of 540 participants were recruited to investigate their IH, SC, and condomless sex. A four-way decomposition of causal mediation analysis was used to test SC’s roles in the association between IH and condomless sex.Results: Condomless sex was prevalent (46.7%) among the participants, which was significantly associated with IH [odds ratio (OR) = 1.70] and SC (OR = 0.55). A direct effect [excess risk ratio (RR = 0.32)] and an indirect effect (excess RR = 0.16) of SC were found to be significant in the association between IH and condomless sex. Heterogeneities in effects were observed when taking the SC’s domains (e.g., individual and family-based SC) as mediators. SC’s effects were significant only in the homosexual subgroup.Conclusion: IH-based intervention with consideration of SC can be tailored to MSM to decrease condomless sex and curb the spread of HIV, especially for the homosexual subgroup.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Roles of Social Capital in the Association Between Internalized Homophobia and Condomless Sex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Southwest China: A Four-Way Decomposition

Feng

Yang

et al. 2023

Int J Public Health

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“…They take the solidarity indexes as a whole, instead of a part of solidarity, discussed the relationship between solidarity and HIV testing, and found solidarity promoted HIV testing. But other researchers think solidarity is composed of many sub-items, of which MSM community connectedness and social cohesion are the most studied ( 20 , 21 ). In MSM, community connectedness means establishing a relationship of mutual influence, building a shared emotional connection, meeting their individual needs, and being rewarded through their community affiliation ( 22 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In MSM, community connectedness means establishing a relationship of mutual influence, building a shared emotional connection, meeting their individual needs, and being rewarded through their community affiliation ( 22 ). The closer the community connectedness, the wider the spread of health promotion, such as HIV testing ( 20 ). Other than HIV testing, community connectedness can also influence the frequency of doctor visits among MSM ( 21 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solidarity and HIV Testing Willingness During the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Study Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China

Lyu

Zhou

Dai

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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Background: Solidarity, such as community connectedness and social cohesion, may be useful in improving HIV testing uptake among men who have sex with men (MSM). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of solidarity on HIV testing before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and HIV testing willingness during COVID-19 among MSM in China.Materials and Methods: An online survey was conducted to collect sociodemographic, sexual behavioral, and solidarity items' information from the participants. We first used factor analysis to reveal the principal component of the solidarity items and then used logistic regression to study the impact of solidarity on HIV testing, by adjusting the possible confounding factors, such as age and education.Results: Social cohesion and community connectedness were revealed by the factor analysis. MSM with high community connectedness were more willing to undergo HIV testing before the epidemic adjusted by age [odds ratio (OR): 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01–1.13]. The community connectedness was also related to the willingness of HIV testing during the epidemic, with adjustments of 1.09 (95% CI: 1.03–1.15). People who did not test for HIV before the COVID-19 epidemic were more willing to have the HIV test during the epidemic, which was correlated with the community connectedness, and the OR value was 1.14 (95%: 1.03–1.25).Conclusion: A high level of community connectedness helped to increase the HIV testing rate before COVID-19 and the willingness of HIV testing during the epidemic among MSM. Strategies can strengthen the role of the community in the management and service of MSM.

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“…Several factors regarding ISS warrant further study. First, studies have considered ISS to be a single construct [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. However, according to the MISS-LG [ 14 ], ISS is composed of three dimensions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, research has identified several sociodemographic and environmental factors that are related to ISS. For example, gender [ 14 ], age [ 14 , 37 ], sexual orientation [ 35 , 36 ], social support [ 37 ], information on sexual minorities [ 37 ], and perceived social stigma [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 38 ] are significantly associated with ISS in LGB individuals. The manner in which ISS is experienced by lesbians and gay men is considerably different [ 38 ]; however, whether gender moderates the relationships between ISS and individual and environmental factors has not been examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internalized Sexual Stigma among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals in Taiwan: Its Related Factors and Association with Mental Health Problems

Lee

Chang

Tsai

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Internalized sexual stigma (ISS) is one of the major issues that can compromise the health of sexual minority populations. This quantitative study aimed to examine: (1) the relationships of individual factors (gender, age, education level, sexual orientation, and age of identification of sexual orientation) and perceived family support with ISS; and (2) the associations of ISS with mood problems and the moderating effects of gender on the associations among Taiwanese young adult lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. In total, 500 male and 500 female young adult LGB individuals aged between 20 and 30 years participated in this study. The experience of ISS, individual (e.g., gender, age, education level, sexual orientation, and age of identification of sexual orientation) and environmental factors (perceived family), mood problems (e.g., anxiety and depression) were collected. The individual and environmental factors related to ISS and the associations of ISS with mood problems were examined using multivariate linear regression analysis. The results indicated that gender, sexual orientation, age of identification of sexual orientation, and perceived family support were significantly associated with all or some dimensions of ISS in LGB individuals. Various dimensions of ISS had different relationships with anxiety and depression. Gender had moderating effects on the association between the identity dimension of ISS and sexual orientation as well as between the social discomfort dimension of ISS and anxiety. Various dimensions of ISS among LGB individuals should be routinely assessed by mental health service units. Intervention programs should be provided for LGB individuals, especially those with factors related to ISS.

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HIV Stigma, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minority Community Connectedness and HIV Testing Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men and Transgender People Who Have Sex with Men in Kazakhstan

Cited by 22 publications

References 29 publications

Roles of Social Capital in the Association Between Internalized Homophobia and Condomless Sex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Southwest China: A Four-Way Decomposition

Roles of Social Capital in the Association Between Internalized Homophobia and Condomless Sex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Southwest China: A Four-Way Decomposition

Solidarity and HIV Testing Willingness During the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Study Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China

Internalized Sexual Stigma among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals in Taiwan: Its Related Factors and Association with Mental Health Problems

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