HIV status acknowledgment and stigma reduction in virtual reality: The moderating role of perceivers' attitudes

Abstract

HIV‐related stigmatization in employee selection procedures may be enacted through discrimination based on an applicant's HIV status. This study (N = 58) investigated to what extent applying an acknowledgment strategy in a job interview setting reduces HIV‐related stigma, taking into account the applicants' personal responsibility and the perceivers' attitudes toward people living with HIV (PLWH). In an immersive virtual office, virtual applicants with HIV presented themselves as part of a job application procedure. Using a 2 (acknowledgment versus non‐acknowledgment) × 2 (responsible versus not responsible for the onset of the HIV‐infection) within‐subjects design, we hypothesized that acknowledgment and onset responsibility would yield an interaction effect as well as separate main effects. We predicted that hearing virtual job applicants acknowledging their HIV status triggers higher evaluations, especially when applicants are not held personally responsible for their infection. In addition, we hypothesized that (between‐subjects) positive implicit and explicit attitudes independently moderate the relationship between acknowledgment and applicant evaluation. We found that low‐onset responsible applicants were more positively evaluated than high‐onset responsible applicants (main effect of onset responsibility), F(1, 57) = 4.31, p = 0.04. This effect was irrespective of the applicants' status acknowledgment (no interaction effect). Acknowledgment did, however, produce higher evaluations when participants' explicit attitudes toward PLWH were more positive, F(1, 57) = 7.13, p = 0.01 (moderation effect of explicit attitudes). This study indicates that the more positive the explicit attitudes toward PLWH, the more positive the evaluations when hearing PLWH acknowledging their stigma. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

The use of virtual reality in studying prejudice and its reduction: A systematic review

“…The same controversy appears when looking at the intervention studies carried out from a majority perspective, which mostly show a solid persistence of prejudice towards stigmatised minorities [ 51 , 55 , 61 – 69 ] Two recent studies [ 70 , 71 ] even report increased prejudice towards the contacted outgroup using explicit measures.…”

“…When it comes to deviations in personal traits, Toppenberg et al [ 51 , 69 ] show that implicit bias towards people living with HIV persists even in VR, and that evaluations were more positive when they perceived responsibility for the condition was low. While Tong et al [ 53 , 80 ] take it a step further, proving that being embodied in chronic pain patients improve self-reported attitudes and willingness to help, contrasting evidence is brought by designs using augmented reality to simulate schizophrenia symptoms.…”

Virtual reality for the rehabilitation and prevention of intimate partner violence – From brain to behavior: A narrative review

“…The racial bias results have been further replicated by Banakou et al (2020) . Embodiment in virtual avatars has also been used to increase empathy and decrease prejudice against marginalized groups such as people with disabilities ( Chowdhury et al, 2021 ), people with HIV ( Toppenberg et al, 2019 ), or even homeless people ( van Loon et al, 2018 ).…”

The use of virtual reality in studying prejudice and its reduction: a systematic review.

“…The same controversy appears when looking at the intervention studies carried out from a majority perspective, which mostly show a solid persistence of prejudice towards stigmatised minorities [51,55,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] Two recent studies [70,71] even report increased prejudice towards the contacted outgroup using explicit measures.…”

“…When it comes to deviations in personal traits, Toppenberg et al [51,69] show that implicit bias towards people living with HIV persists even in VR, and that evaluations were more positive when they perceived responsibility for the condition was low. While Tong et al [53,80] take it a step further, proving that being embodied in chronic pain patients improve selfreported attitudes and willingness to help, contrasting evidence is brought by designs using augmented reality to simulate schizophrenia symptoms.…”