HIV sexual risk behaviors among injection drug users in Shanghai

Zhao, Min; Du, Jing; Lu, Guang H.; Wang, Qiu Y.; Han, Xu; Zhu, Min; McCoy, Clyde B.

doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(06)80008-6

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Consistent with other studies, 30 overdose history was associated with HCV infection. Although we observed a high prevalence of heroin use (60 %) and daily injection (41 %), controlling for these factors did not eliminate the association between HCV and overdose.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

HCV Infection Prevalence Lower Than Expected among 18–40-Year-Old Injection Drug Users in San Diego, CA

et al. 2012

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San Diego, California shares the world's busiest land border crossing with Tijuana, Mexico-a city where 95 % of injection drug users (IDUs) test hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody-positive. Yet, little is known about the prevalence and risk behaviors for HCVamong IDUs in San Diego. In 2009-2010 IDUs in San Diego County completed a risk assessment interview and serologic testing for HCV and HIV infection. Recruitment involved respondent-driven sampling, venue-based sampling at a syringe exchange program, and convenience sampling. Correlates of HCV infection were identified by multivariable logistic regression. Among 510 current IDUs, 26.9 % (95 % CI 23.0-30.7 %) and 4.2 % (95 % CI 2.4-5.9 %) had been infected with HCVand HIV, respectively. Overall, median age was 28 years; 74 % were male; 60 % white and 29 % Hispanic; and 96 % were born in the U.S. Median years of injecting was 6; 41 % injected daily; 60 % injected heroin most often; 49 % receptively shared syringes and 68 % shared other injection paraphernalia; and only 22 % reported always using new syringes in the past 3 months. Two thirds had ever traveled to Mexico and 19 % injected in Mexico. HCV infection was independently associated with sharing injection paraphernalia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]= 1.69) and SEP use (AOR=2.17) in the previous 3 months, lifetime history of drug overdose (AOR=2.66), and increased years of injecting (AOR=2.82, all P values G0.05). Controlling for recruitment method did not alter results. HCV infection prevalence among IDUs in San Diego was modest compared to other US cities and much lower than Tijuana. Given that known individual-level HCV risk factors were common in San Diego, the city's lower HCV prevalence might be due to differences in social and structural factors between the cities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

HCV Infection Prevalence Lower Than Expected among 18–40-Year-Old Injection Drug Users in San Diego, CA

et al. 2012

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“…By contrast, in China the HIV epidemic began in rural areas in association with blood product collection and use, before spreading to urban injection drug users (IDUs), among whom it has reached very high rates of infection in some areas (up to 44% - Zhao et al, 2006). The epidemic among Chinese former plasma donors (FPDs), on which this current study is focused, has been centered in agrarian provinces such as Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Hubei and Shanxi .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobehavioral effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection among former plasma donors in rural China

et al. 2008

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The HIV epidemic in China has expanded rapidly in recent years, but little is known about the prevalence and features of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HANDs) in this part of the world. We administered a comprehensive Western neuropsychological (NP) test battery to 203 HIV+ and 198 HIV-former plasma donors in the rural area of Anhui province. We found that 26% in the HIV-sample, and 46% in the HIV+ sample were infected with HCV, which can also have CNS effects. To classify NP impairment, we developed demographically corrected test norms based upon individuals free of both infections (N=141). Using a global summary score, NP impairment was found in 34.2% of the HIV mono-infected group and 39.7% of the co-infected group, as compared to 12.7% of the uninfected controls (p<.001). HIV+ participants with AIDS were more likely to be impaired (43%) than non-AIDS individuals (29%, p<.05). Lastly, when all infection groups were combined, participants with NP impairment reported more cognitive complaints (p<.01) and increased dependence in everyday functioning (p=.01). In sum, NP impairment in this large rural Chinese sample was associated with both HIV and HCV infections, and the impairment's prevalence, severity, and pattern were similar to those reported by Western studies. Clinical significance of NP impairment in this population is suggested by the participants' reports of reduced everyday functioning. These findings indicate that HAND is likely to be an important feature of HIV infection in developing countries, underscoring the need for international efforts to develop CNS relevant treatments.

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“…Sexual risk behaviours among injecting drug users compound the likelihood of HIV spread among and beyond injecting drug users (Zhao et al, 2006). National surveillance data suggest that as many as 11% of drug users also engage in highrisk sexual activities (Ministry of Health China, UNAIDS, .…”

Section: Conflict and Hiv Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%