HIV-related Malignancies and Mimics: Imaging Findings and Management

Abstract

The risk of developing malignancy is higher in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than in non-HIV-infected patients. Several factors including immunosuppression, viral coinfection, and high-risk lifestyle choices lead to higher rates of cancer in the HIV-infected population. A subset of HIV-related malignancies are considered to be acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining malignancies, as their presence confirms the diagnosis of AIDS in an HIV-infected patient. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a significant drop in the rate of AIDS-defining malignancies, including Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and invasive cervical carcinoma. However, non-AIDS-defining malignancies (eg, Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and head and neck cancers) now account for an increasing number of cancer cases diagnosed in HIV-infected patients. Although the number has decreased, AIDS-defining malignancies account for 15%-19% of all deaths in HIV-infected patients in the post-HAART era. Most HIVrelated malignancies in HIV-infected patients manifest at an earlier age with a more aggressive course than that of non-HIV-related malignancies. Understanding common HIV-related malignancies and their specific imaging features is crucial for making an accurate and early diagnosis, which impacts management. Owing to the weakened immune system of HIV-infected patients, other entities such as various infections, particularly opportunistic infections, are prevalent in these patients. These processes can have confounding clinical and imaging manifestations that mimic malignancy. This article reviews the most common AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies, the role of imaging in their diagnosis, and the imaging mimics of malignancies in HIV-infected patients. ©

CT Imaging Characteristics Correlated with Overall Survival Time in Patients with AIDS-Related non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

“…Imaging plays an important role in the detection and evaluation of AR-NHL lesions (8,10,12). CT of the head and neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis is a critical staging modality recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines (18).…”

“…However, few studies investigated the signi cance of imaging characteristics for the prediction of prognosis and survival, Novel imaging modalities for assessing lymphoma can provide useful information for treatment regimens and prediction of patients' prognoses. With the advancement of imaging technology such as CT, MR and PET/CT, radiologic techniques play an increasingly essential role in detecting lesion and evaluating disease (8)(9)(10). CT can nd the enlargement of lymph nodes and in ltration of extranodal organs, guide biopsy and observe early relapse through follow-up (11,12).…”

MRI imaging features of HIV-related central nervous system diseases: diagnosis by pattern recognition in daily practice

“…Among HIV-related CNS diseases, the focal lesions are most commonly found in patients with CNS-Toxo, PCNSL, and PML [ 30 ]. PML is a demyelinating disease caused by human polyomavirus 2 (commonly known as the JC virus) infection, and imaging reveals no mass lesions or enhancement.…”

Pengaruh Pemberian Asiklovir dalam Menurunkan Progresifitas dan Transmisi HIV

“…Di Amerika Serikat, faktor risiko penting untuk penyebaran HIV di kalangan anak muda selain hubungan seksual adalah penggunaan obat-obatan termasuk ganja, kokain, dan Ekstasi. Faktor risiko lain yang terkait dengan risiko tertular infeksi HIV termasuk pria yang berhubungan seks dengan pria, penggunaan obat intravena, dan transfusi darah atau produk darah yang tidak aman (Javadi, Menias, Karbasian & Shaaban, 2018). HIV adalah virus berbentuk spherical yang menempel pada sel inang dengan bantuan glikoprotein.…”