HIV prevalence among pregnant women in Kigali, Rwanda

Leroy, Valériane; Ntawiniga, P.; Nziyumvira, A.; Kagubare, J; Salamon, Roger

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92504-x

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…At the distance of WASP-18 the model described in Cotton et al (2016) is informed by very little data. This distance is near the wall of the local hot bubble, a region of space with a greater dust density, imparting greater interstellar polarization (Leroy 1999). So, as a further test of the level of interstellar polarization we observed three stars near to WASP-18 in the same bandpass.…”

Section: Constant Polarizationmentioning

confidence: 86%

The Polarization of the Planet-Hosting WASP-18 System

Bott¹,

Bailey²,

Cotton³

et al. 2018

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We report observations of the linear polarization of the WASP-18 system, which harbors a very massive (∼ 10 M J ) planet orbiting very close to its star with an orbital period of 0.94 days. We find the WASP-18 system is polarized at ∼200 parts-per-million (ppm), likely from the interstellar medium predominantly, with no strong evidence for phase dependent modulation from reflected light from the planet. We set an upper limit of 40 ppm (99% confidence level) on the amplitude of a reflected polarized light planetary signal. We compare the results with models for a number of processes that may produce polarized light in a planetary system to determine if we can rule out any phenomena with this limit. Models of reflected light from thick clouds can approach or exceed this limit, but such clouds are unlikely at the high temperature of the WASP-18b atmosphere. Additionally, we model the expected polarization resulting from the transit of the planet across the star and find this has an amplitude of ∼1.6 ppm, which is well below our detection limits. We also model the polarization due to the tidal distortion of the star by the massive planet and find this is also too small to be measured currently.

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Section: Constant Polarizationmentioning

confidence: 86%

The Polarization of the Planet-Hosting WASP-18 System

Bott¹,

Bailey²,

Cotton³

et al. 2018

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“…This is particularly interesting because it is always assumed that refugees' experience of forced sex increases due to their experience of conflict and displacement. However, due to the sensitivity of the information, underreporting of the experience of forced sex by either population may have occurred (see also Cossa et al, 1994;Leroy, Ntawiniga, Nziyumvira, Kagubare & Salamon, 1995;Khaw, Salama, Burkholder & Dondero, 2000;Smith, 2002;Donovan, 2002;Hankins, Friedman, Zafar & Strathdee, 2002;International Rescue Committee, 2002;Lawday, 2002, Mock et al, 2004.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV behavioural surveillance among refugees and surrounding host communities in Uganda, 2006

Harrison¹,

Claass²,

Spiegel³

et al. 2009

African Journal of AIDS Research

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We used a standardised behavioural surveillance survey (BSS), modified to be directly relevant to populations in conflict and post-conflict settings as well as to their surrounding host populations, to survey the populations of a refugee settlement in south-western Uganda and its surrounding area. Two-stage probability sampling was used to conduct 800 interviews in each population. The BSS questionnaire adapted for displaced populations was administered to adults aged 15-59 years. It collected information on HIV knowledge, attitudes and practices; issues before, during and after displacement; level of interaction and sexual exploitation among the refugees and host communities (i.e., nationals). Population parameters were compared and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for core HIV indicators. The demographic characteristics were similar (except for educational achievement), and HIV awareness was very high (>95%) in both populations. The refugees reported more-accepting attitudes towards persons with HIV than did nationals (19% versus 13%; p < 0.01). More refugees than nationals reported ever having had transactional sex (10% versus 6%; p < 0.01), which mostly occurred post-displacement. Five percent of females among both the refugees and nationals reported experiencing forced sex, which mostly occurred post-displacement and after the arrival of refugees, respectively. Nationals reported more frequent travel to refugee settlements than reported by refugees to national villages (22% versus 11%; p < 0.01). The high mobility and frequent interactions of these two populations suggest that integrated HIV programmes should be developed and would be an efficient use of resources. Evidence suggesting that female refugees may be at elevated risk for HIV infection, due to forced sex, transactional sex and other vulnerabilities, warrants further examination through qualitative research. The findings indicate a need for additional, focused HIV-prevention programmes, such as youth education, for both refugees and Ugandan nationals.

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“…Rural Sudanese refugees in Uganda have demonstrated a marked lack of awareness about HIV (Jurugo, 1996). In Rwanda, HIV prevalence increased dramatically among rural women after the civil war (Leroy et al, 1995).…”

Section: Host-refugee Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Risk and Prevention in Emergency‐affected Populations: A Review

et al. 2000

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While basic guidelines on HIV prevention in emergencies have been available for several years, international agencies involved in the provision of health services have not placed sufficient priority on the prevention of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in complex emergencies. This paper reviews the factors that may increase the risk of HIV transmission in populations affected by complex emergencies and outlines recommendations for research and programmes. Research into the most appropriate methods of carrying out HIV surveillance and interventions in these settings is needed. In the post-emergency phase programmes need to be far more extensive than those offered under the Minimal Initial Services Package (MISP). While the potential for stigmatization represents an important constraint, there is a need to prioritize HIV/STI interventions in order to prevent HIV transmission in emergency-affected populations themselves, as well as to contribute to regional control of the epidemic.

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HIV prevalence among pregnant women in Kigali, Rwanda

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

The Polarization of the Planet-Hosting WASP-18 System

The Polarization of the Planet-Hosting WASP-18 System

HIV behavioural surveillance among refugees and surrounding host communities in Uganda, 2006

HIV Risk and Prevention in Emergency‐affected Populations: A Review

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