HIV infection in children—impact upon ENT doctors

Hoare, Simon

doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.08.036

Cited by 22 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…By and large, the protease inhibitors tend to be avoided as first line therapy because of attendant side effects [9] .…”

Section: Otolaryngologic Manifestations In Children With Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Otolaryngologic manifestations of HIV infection

Viswanatha

2012

J Hemat Malig

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HIV is a retrovirus on the Lentivirus subfamily. The virus binds to the CD4 receptor on the T helper lymphocytes. Fusion of the viral and cell membranes allows entry of the viral core into the cell. The reverse transcriptase enzyme, a protein carried by the virus that allows transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) into deoxyribonucleic acid, then mediates transcription of the viral RNA genome into viral DNA. Viral integrase then facilitates incorporation of the viral DNA into the host genome. The viral DNA is then transcribed into multiple RNA copies by the host cell. This newly created RNA is translated into viral proteins. Translation of the viral RNA sequences results in protein precursors that undergo proteolytic processing by a viral protease that liberates the functional viral proteins [1,2] .As the virus infects and damages helper T cells, both humoral and cell-mediated immunity are impaired. Defective chemotaxis and phagocytosis causes increased vulnerability to infections such as candidiasis and toxoplasmosis. A lack of T-cell stimulation of B cells results in decreased immunoglobulin production and a vulnerability to encapsulated organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and other bacteria. These problems are compounded by impaired neutrophil function [2] . Key wordsOtolaryngologic, HIV infection, Manifestations Otolaryngologic manifestations of HIVIt has been showed in a number of studies that over 90% of patients with HIV develop head and neck manifestations [3,4] .In a study by Prasad et al. [4] , where 968 patients were taken up 779 presented with otolaryngologic manifestations. Of these oral and oropharyngeal lesions were one of the most common manifestations, comprising 39% of the total otolaryngologic manifestations among the AIDS patients. Oral manifestationsOral candidiasis is one of the earliest and most common findings suggesting HIV infection and is characterised by a typical cottage cheese inflammatory appearance. These patients usually still appear healthy, but if a known HIV-positive patient develops thrush, long-term survival appears to be diminished.Four different types of oral candidiasis can be identified:

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“…By and large, the protease inhibitors tend to be avoided as first line therapy because of attendant side effects [9] .…”

Section: Otolaryngologic Manifestations In Children With Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Otolaryngologic manifestations of HIV infection

Viswanatha

2012

J Hemat Malig

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“…Otorhinolaryngological manifestations are one of the complications seen in HIV-infected children [13]. A recent study reported 16.8% of otorhinolaryngological manifestation among 137 HIV-infected children from Coastal Karnataka [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speech, language and swallowing difficulties in a child with aids

Narayanan

Kalappa

2017

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports

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AIDS has a great impact on the modern society as a source of illness and discrimination. It can cause a wide spectrum of disorders which can affect the health and life style of individuals. Globally, the number of individuals with AIDS is increasing and the count of such children is also rising drastically. AIDS caused by HIV is known to invade different systems of the body including the central nervous system thus causing neurological abnormalities/complications in children. Children infected with HIV may present with various types of communication disorders. Speech-language pathologists have investigated and reported the assessment and treatment of HIV-infected individuals in the past. However, studies are limited in the line of profiling the nature of communication and swallowing deficits seen in them. The present case study reports a detailed speech, language and swallowing profile of a child infected with HIV. Effective combination of medical and non-medical treatment for the HIV infection witnessed a great deal of improvement in this child. The importance of care and precautions to be considered while treating such children is highlighted. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…2 The advent of new antiretroviral drugs, especially protease inhibitors, has substantially reduced the mortality and increased the life expectancy of these children. 3,4 This disease, together with the fact that many of the initial signs and symptoms of HIV infection occur in the ear, nose and throat, has meant that many such patients are brought in for assessment by otorhinolaryngolotists. 3,5,6 Children generally present six to eight upper respiratory virus infections a year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rinossinusites em crianças infectadas pelo HIV sob terapia anti-retroviral

Pinheiro‐Neto

Weber

Araújo-Filho

et al. 2009

Rev. Bras. Otorrinolaringol.

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The association of protease inhibitors (PI) to antiretroviral therapy has generated sensible changes in morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients. Aim: Aims at evaluating the impact of this association on the prevalence of rhinosinusitis (RS) and CD4+ lymphocyte count in HIV-infected children. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study of the medical charts of 471 HIV-infected children. In 1996, protease inhibitors were approved for use as an association drug in antiretroviral therapy. Children were divided into two groups: one which did not receive PI and another which received PI after 1996. The prevalence of RS and CD4+ lymphocyte counts were compared between these groups. Results: 14.4% of HIV-infected children had RS. Chronic RS was more prevalent the its acute counterpart. Children under 6 years old who were taking protease inhibitors presented with a significant higher prevalence of acute RS. The association of PI with the antiretroviral regimen was associated to higher mean CD4+ lymphocyte count and lower prevalence of chronic RS. Conclusions: The use of protease inhibitors was associated to higher mean CD4+ lymphocyte count. Children under 6 years of age in antiretroviral therapy associated with PI presented a lower likelihood of developing chronic RS.

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HIV infection in children—impact upon ENT doctors

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Otolaryngologic manifestations of HIV infection

Otolaryngologic manifestations of HIV infection

Speech, language and swallowing difficulties in a child with aids

Rinossinusites em crianças infectadas pelo HIV sob terapia anti-retroviral

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