HIV infection and the gynaecologist

Shah, Purvi; Smith, J. R.; Kitchen, V. S.; Barton, Simon

doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13106.x

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Limitations in our study include that our survey used self-report of menstrual cycle experiences and all other variables. For example, menorrhagia was defined according to experience of ‘heavy menstrual bleeding’ rather quantifying blood loss[1]. However, the SOGC defines heavy menstrual bleeding as “excessive menstrual blood loss which interferes with the woman’s physical, emotional, social and material quality of life, and which can occur alone or in combination with other symptoms [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of abnormal menstruation is thought to be higher among women living with HIV (WLWH)[1–6], but has not been assessed in nearly two decades. Abnormal menstruation encompasses several variations in the menstrual cycle, including non-menopause related amenorrhea, abnormal cycle frequency, heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, and irregular and intermenstrual bleeding[7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The few studies assessing the prevalence of abnormal menstruation in WLWH have shown variable results [1–6]. Early cross-sectional studies found no differences in self-reported rates of amenorrhea in WLWH compared to HIV-negative women [1,2]. A cross-sectional study of Nigerian women with and without HIV observed no significant difference in prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding or intermenstrual bleeding, however, did observe higher prevalence of amenorrhea and irregular menstrual cycles among WLWH [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High prevalence of abnormal menstruation among women living with HIV in Canada

et al. 2019

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ObjectivesTo measure the prevalence and correlates of abnormal menstruation among women living with HIV (WLWH) in Canada.MethodsWe used cross-sectional questionnaire data from the community-based Canadian HIV Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (CHIWOS), which enrolled WLWH aged ≥16 from British Columbia (BC), Ontario, and Quebec. For this analysis, we excluded women >45 years, who had primary amenorrhea, were pregnant, on hormonal contraception, or who reported history of endometrial cancer, last menstrual period >12 months ago, or premature ovarian failure. The primary outcome was abnormal menstruation (Yes vs No) based on responses to five questions about menstrual regularity, frequency, volume, duration, and intermenstrual bleeding in the six months prior to interview. An exploratory multivariable logistic regression analysis examined independent correlates of abnormal menstruation.ResultsOf 1422 women enrolled, 521 (37%) met eligibility criteria. Overall, 55.9% (95% CI:52%-60%) reported abnormal menstruation. In adjusted analyses, abnormal menstruation was associated with having a biologic sister/mother who entered menopause before age 40 (AOR 5.01, 95%CI 1.39–18.03), Hepatitis B co-infection (AOR 6.97, 95%CI 1.52–31.88), current smoking (AOR 1.69, 95%CI 1.55–3.41); and currently taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) (AOR 2.36, 95%CI 1.25–4.45) compared to being ART-naïve. Women in BC had higher adjusted odds of abnormal menstruation (AOR 2.95, 95%CI 1.61–5.39), relative to women in Ontario and Quebec.ConclusionsOver half of WLWH in this analysis had abnormal menstruation. Correlates of abnormal menstruation include genetic, socio-behavioural factors (province of residence, smoking), Hepatitis B co-infection, and current ART use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%